Mars Observation and Science Experimentation

Images of Mars terrain, liquid experiments in labs, and early footage of spacecraft re-entry, highlighting scientific exploration.

Liquid pouring into beaker through tubes

$Mega-ripples are distinct wind-driven formations that occur on the surface of Earth and Mars, often with sizes between that of smaller ripples and larger dunes. Based on their shapes and examples of fractured crests in some areas, mega-ripples are thought to be largely inactive relics of past climates. Thanks to repeat coverage by HiRISE, we can tell that some mega-ripple fields are active and migrating alongside dunes and ripples. In a down-wind perspective view we can see mega-ripples collecting along the flanks of the dark sand dunes near the North Polar deposits. A closer look illustrates the fine scale details of some active mega-ripples during the summer. Landforms across these North Polar latitudes become ice-cemented when wintertime carbon dioxide ice buries dunes. Then the ice sublimates through the northern spring until dunes and mega-ripples become frost free and mobile by summer. It is these summertime seasonal winds that drive the enhanced activity of migrating mega-ripple$