Medieval Illuminated Manuscripts

Depicts various saints and religious scenes illustrated with intricate floral borders and vibrant colors, emphasizing the artistry of historical manuscripts.

Initial A: A Man Placing his Hand on the Head of a Kneeling Man; Unknown, Michael Lupi de Çandiu (Spanish, active Pamplona, Spain 1297 - 1305); Northeastern Spain, Spain; about 1290 - 1310; Tempera colors, gold leaf, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 36.5 x 24 cm (14 3,8 x 9 7,16 in.)

Initial B: A Seated Man. Bute Master (Franco-Flemish, active about 1260 - 1290)

Initial I: The Lord Enthroned with the Sun, Moon, and Stars; Circle of Stefan Lochner (German, died 1451); Cologne, Germany; about 1450; Gold leaf, tempera, and black ink on parchment; Leaf: 36.7 x 26 cm (14 7,16 x 10 1,4 in.)

Hours of Charles the Noble, King of Navarre (1361-1425): fol. 77v, Text, c. 1405. Master of the Brussels Initials and Associates (French). Ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 20.3 x 15.7 x 7 cm (8 x 6 3/16 x 2 3/4 in.). This precious volume was obviously highly prized by its owner, the French-born King of Navarre, who had his coat of arms painted on no less than twenty folios. Rather than directly commissioning this manuscript from a specific workshop, it seems that Charles the Noble acquired his book of hours -- perhaps ready-made for the luxury market -- while on a trip to Paris in 1404-05. A collaborative effort, six painting styles are evidenced within the pages of this codex, those of two Italians, two Frenchmen, and two Netherlanders. The painter who was responsible for the planning and decoration of the book, and who produced seventeen of the large miniatures, was a Bolognese artist known as the Master of the Brussels Initials. His principal assistant, responsible for most

Initial D: A Youth Handing a Crown to David; Bute Master (Franco-Flemish, active about 1260 - 1290); Paris (written), France; illumination about 1270 - 1280; written about 135 - 1375; Tempera colors, gold, and iron gall ink on parchment; Leaf: 17 x 11.9 cm (6 11,16 x 4 11,16 in.)

Hours of Charles the Noble, King of Navarre (1361-1425): fol. 144r, Text, c. 1405. Master of the Brussels Initials and Associates (French). Ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 20.3 x 15.7 x 7 cm (8 x 6 3/16 x 2 3/4 in.). This precious volume was obviously highly prized by its owner, the French-born King of Navarre, who had his coat of arms painted on no less than twenty folios. Rather than directly commissioning this manuscript from a specific workshop, it seems that Charles the Noble acquired his book of hours -- perhaps ready-made for the luxury market -- while on a trip to Paris in 1404-05. A collaborative effort, six painting styles are evidenced within the pages of this codex, those of two Italians, two Frenchmen, and two Netherlanders. The painter who was responsible for the planning and decoration of the book, and who produced seventeen of the large miniatures, was a Bolognese artist known as the Master of the Brussels Initials. His principal assistant, responsible for mos

The Annunciation to the Shepherds; Paris, France; about 1400 - 1410; Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 18.9 x 13.2 cm (7 7,16 x 5 3,16 in.)

Hours of Charles the Noble, King of Navarre (1361-1425): fol. 271v, St. Mark, c. 1405. Master of the Brussels Initials and Associates (French). Ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 20.3 x 15.7 x 7 cm (8 x 6 3/16 x 2 3/4 in.). This precious volume was obviously highly prized by its owner, the French-born King of Navarre, who had his coat of arms painted on no less than twenty folios. Rather than directly commissioning this manuscript from a specific workshop, it seems that Charles the Noble acquired his book of hours -- perhaps ready-made for the luxury market -- while on a trip to Paris in 1404-05. A collaborative effort, six painting styles are evidenced within the pages of this codex, those of two Italians, two Frenchmen, and two Netherlanders. The painter who was responsible for the planning and decoration of the book, and who produced seventeen of the large miniatures, was a Bolognese artist known as the Master of the Brussels Initials. His principal assistant, responsible for

A Crane. Unknown

Decorated Initial D. Workshop of Valentine Noh (Bohemian, active 1470s)

Decorated Initial D; Master Michael (Austrian, active about 1420 until the mid-15th century); Vienna, Austria; about 1420 - 1430; Tempera colors, gold leaf, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 41.9 x 31 cm (16 1,2 x 12 3,16 in.)

Christ Blessing; Willem Vrelant, Flemish, died 1481, active 1454 - 1481; Bruges, Belgium, Europe; early 1460s; Tempera colors, gold leaf, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 25.6 x 17.3 cm (10 1/16 x 6 13/16 in.)

Hours of Charles the Noble, King of Navarre (1361-1425): fol. 25v, Text, c. 1405. Master of the Brussels Initials and Associates (French). Ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 20.3 x 15.7 x 7 cm (8 x 6 3/16 x 2 3/4 in.). This precious volume was obviously highly prized by its owner, the French-born King of Navarre, who had his coat of arms painted on no less than twenty folios. Rather than directly commissioning this manuscript from a specific workshop, it seems that Charles the Noble acquired his book of hours -- perhaps ready-made for the luxury market -- while on a trip to Paris in 1404-05. A collaborative effort, six painting styles are evidenced within the pages of this codex, those of two Italians, two Frenchmen, and two Netherlanders. The painter who was responsible for the planning and decoration of the book, and who produced seventeen of the large miniatures, was a Bolognese artist known as the Master of the Brussels Initials. His principal assistant, responsible for most

Hours of Charles the Noble, King of Navarre (1361-1425): fol. 23v, Text, c. 1405. Master of the Brussels Initials and Associates (French). Ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 20.3 x 15.7 x 7 cm (8 x 6 3/16 x 2 3/4 in.). This precious volume was obviously highly prized by its owner, the French-born King of Navarre, who had his coat of arms painted on no less than twenty folios. Rather than directly commissioning this manuscript from a specific workshop, it seems that Charles the Noble acquired his book of hours -- perhaps ready-made for the luxury market -- while on a trip to Paris in 1404-05. A collaborative effort, six painting styles are evidenced within the pages of this codex, those of two Italians, two Frenchmen, and two Netherlanders. The painter who was responsible for the planning and decoration of the book, and who produced seventeen of the large miniatures, was a Bolognese artist known as the Master of the Brussels Initials. His principal assistant, responsible for most

Initial S: The Resurrection; Workshop of Valentine Noh (Bohemian, active 1470s); Prague, Bohemia, Czech Republic; about 1470 - 1480; Tempera, shell gold, and gold leaf on parchment; Leaf: 14.1 x 10.2 cm (5 9,16 x 4 in.)

Two Diagrams with the Sun and the Moon; Thérouanne , France (formerly Flanders); fourth quarter of 13th century (after 1277); Tempera colors, pen and ink, gold leaf, and gold paint on parchment; Leaf: 23.3 x 16.4 cm (9 3,16 x 6 7,16 in.)

Miniature showing 1. Hypermnestra in a prison cell; 2. Linus and three men murder Danaus; 3. Hypermnestra's sister murders her husband in bed. Cathedral town and clock tower in background. Initial, border design.. 1450. Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313-1375). text. Illuminations, Manuscripts, Miniatures (illuminations). Spencer Collection. Women

Saul Ordering David's Death; Ghent, Belgium; about 1510 - 1520; Tempera colors, gold, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 23.2 x 16.7 cm (9 1,8 x 6 9,16 in.)

The Duchess of Lancaster Burying her Husband in the Cathedral of Seville; Bruges, Belgium; about 1480 - 1483; Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 48 x 35 cm (18 7,8 x 13 3,4 in.)

The Opening of the First Seal: The First Horseman. Date/Period: Ca. 1255 - 1260. Folio. Tempera colors, gold leaf, colored washes, pen and ink on parchment. Height: 319 mm (12.55 in); Width: 225 mm (8.85 in). Author: UNKNOWN.

Hours of Charles the Noble, King of Navarre (1361-1425): fol. 96r, Coronation of the Virgin (Compline), c. 1405. Master of the Brussels Initials and Associates (French). Ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 19.4 x 13.7 cm (7 5/8 x 5 3/8 in.). This precious volume was obviously highly prized by its owner, the French-born King of Navarre, who had his coat of arms painted on no less than twenty folios. Rather than directly commissioning this manuscript from a specific workshop, it seems that Charles the Noble acquired his book of hours -- perhaps ready-made for the luxury market -- while on a trip to Paris in 1404-05. A collaborative effort, six painting styles are evidenced within the pages of this codex, those of two Italians, two Frenchmen, and two Netherlanders. The painter who was responsible for the planning and decoration of the book, and who produced seventeen of the large miniatures, was a Bolognese artist known as the Master of the Brussels Initials. His principal assistant

Decorated Initial D. Unknown

The Struggle between Fortune and Poverty. Date/Period: Ca. 1413 - 1415. Folio. Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment. Height: 420 mm (16.53 in); Width: 296 mm (11.65 in). Author: Boucicaut Master and workshop.

Pietà; Master of Jacques de Besançon (French, active about 1480 - 1500); Paris, France; about 1500; Tempera colors, ink and gold on parchment; Leaf: 13.3 x 8.7 cm (5 1,4 x 3 7,16 in.)

Initial E: David Playing the Harp and a Man Heaving a Rock; Bute Master, Franco-Flemish, active about 1260 - 1290; France, Northeastern (illuminated), Europe; illumination about 1270 - 1280; written about 135 - 1375; Tempera colors, gold, and iron gall ink on parchment; Leaf: 17 x 11.9 cm (6 11/16 x 4 11/16 in.)

Initial S: The Deposition; Bruges (possibly), Belgium; mid-1200s; Tempera colors, gold leaf, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 23.5 x 16.5 cm (9 1,4 x 6 1,2 in.)

The Virgin and Child. Workshop of the Bedford Master (French, active first half of 15th century)

Initial M: Saint Luke; Master of the Brussels Initials (Italian, active about 1389 - 1410); Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy; between 1389 and 1404; Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 33 x 24 cm (13 x 9 7,16 in.)

Decorated Initial D; Unknown; Germany, Westphalia, Europe; about 1500 - 1505; Tempera colors, gold paint, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 38.7 x 27.9 cm (15 1/4 x 11 in.)

The Second Angel and Babylon Destroyed; London (probably), England; about 1255 - 1260; Tempera colors, gold leaf, colored washes, pen and ink on parchment; Leaf: 31.9 x 22.5 cm (12 9,16 x 8 7,8 in.)

Initial S: A Family at the Bedside of a Man and Three Men before a Judge.

Saint Catherine; Workshop of the Bedford Master (French, active first half of 15th century); Paris, France; about 1440 - 1450; Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 23.5 x 16.4 cm (9 1,4 x 6 7,16 in.)

Miniature showing Claudia's father arriving in the Capitol, with an entourage. A younger man attacks his carriage. Claudia (a vestal virgin) dressed as a nun, approaches the man, threatening him with a golden rod. Initial, rubric, border design.. 1450. Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313-1375). text. Illuminations, Manuscripts, Miniatures (illuminations). Spencer Collection. Women

Missale: Fol. 22v: Foliage with Fish, 1469. Bartolommeo Caporali (Italian, c. 1420-1503), assisted by Giapeco Caporali (Italian, d. 1478). Ink, tempera and burnished gold on vellum ; overall: 35 x 25 cm (13 3/4 x 9 13/16 in.).

Alexander the Great with His Generals; Master of Jean de Mandeville (French, active 1350 - 1370); Paris, France; about 1360 - 1370; Tempera on parchment; Leaf: 34.9 x 26 cm (13 3,4 x 10 1,4 in.)

Border with Michal Helping David to Escape from Saul; Simon Bening (Flemish, about 1483 - 1561); Bruges, Belgium; about 1525 - 1530; Tempera colors, gold paint, and gold leaf on parchment; Leaf: 16.8 x 11.4 cm (6 5,8 x 4 1,2 in.)

Saint Margaret. Workshop of Willem Vrelant (Flemish, died 1481, active 1454 - 1481)

The Defeat of the Beast; Unknown; London (probably), England, Europe; about 1255 - 1260; Tempera colors, gold leaf, colored washes, pen and ink on parchment; Leaf: 31.9 x 22.5 cm (12 9/16 x 8 7/8 in.)

The People of God Leaving Babylon and Merchants Lamenting Babylon. Date/Period: Ca. 1255 - 1260. Folio. Tempera colors, gold leaf, colored washes, pen and ink on parchment. Height: 319 mm (12.55 in); Width: 225 mm (8.85 in). Author: UNKNOWN.

Mary Magdalene; Workshop of Willem Vrelant (Flemish, died 1481, active 1454 - 1481); Bruges, Belgium; early 1460s; Tempera colors, gold leaf, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 25.6 x 17.3 cm (10 1,16 x 6 13,16 in.)

Saint Catherine Tended by Angels. Spitz Master (French, active about 1415 - 1425)

TUMBO MENOR DE CASTILLA - ALFONSO VIII CON LA REINA LEONOR DE PLANTAGENET MS 1046 B-FOL 15 - MINIATURA DE LA DONACION DEL CASTILLO DE UCLES - SIGLO XI. Location: ARCHIVO HISTORICO NACIONAL-COLECCION. MADRID. SPAIN. PLANTAGENET LEONOR. LEONOR DE INGLATERRA. INGLATERRA LEONOR. FERNANDEZ PEDRO (MAESTRO). LEONOR DE AQUITANIA HIJA. AQUITANIA LEONOR HIJA. ALFONSO VIII DE CASTILLA (1155-1214).

Demetrius Nicator, King of Syria, Killed as He Attempts to Land at Tyre. Date/Period: Ca. 1413 - 1415. Folio. Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment. Height: 420 mm (16.53 in); Width: 296 mm (11.65 in). Author: UNKNOWN.

January Calendar Page; Keeping Warm; Aquarius. Workshop of Willem Vrelant (Flemish, died 1481, active 1454 - 1481)

Leaf from Les Visions du chevalier Tondal.

Miniature showing Harmonia kneeling in a hexagonal chamber at the corpse of a girl slain in her stead. Harmonia accepts the blows and stabs of two soldiers. Initial and border design.. 1450. Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313-1375). text. Illuminations, Manuscripts, Miniatures (illuminations). Spencer Collection. Women

Decorated Text Page; Ghent, Belgium; about 1510 - 1520; Tempera colors, gold, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 23.2 × 16.7 cm (9 1,8 × 6 9,16 in.)

The Seventh Seal: An Angel Censing an Altar and Pouring the Censer over the Earth; Unknown; London (probably), England, Europe; about 1255 - 1260; Tempera colors, gold leaf, colored washes, pen and ink on parchment; Leaf: 31.9 x 22.5 cm (12 9/16 x 8 7/8 in.)

The Sixth Vessel: The Desiccation of the Euphrates; London (probably), England; about 1255 - 1260; Tempera colors, gold leaf, colored washes, pen and ink on parchment; Leaf: 31.9 x 22.5 cm (12 9,16 x 8 7,8 in.)

Hercules Poisoned by the Shirt of Nessus; Unknown; Paris, France, Europe; about 1413 - 1415; Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 42 x 29.6 cm (16 9/16 x 11 5/8 in.)

Initial E: Saint Sebastian. Master of the Dresden Prayer Book or workshop (Flemish, active about 1480 - 1515)

Bifolio from a Book of Hours: Initial V with Floral Border, c. 1460-1500. Austria ( ) or Bohemia (), 15th century. Ink, tempera and gold on vellum; each leaf: 13.9 x 10.6 cm (5 1/2 x 4 3/16 in.).

Initial D: The Man of Sorrows; Brabant (possibly), Flanders, Belgium; after 1460; Tempera colors, gold leaf, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 17.1 x 12.2 cm (6 3,4 x 4 13,16 in.)

Decorated Initial D; Unknown; Bruges, Belgium, Europe; about 1480 - 1485 ; Tempera colors and gold on parchment; Leaf: 20.5 x 14.8 cm (8 1/16 x 5 13/16 in.)

Sirens; England; about 1250 - 1260; Pen-and-ink drawings tinted with body color and translucent washes on parchment; Leaf: 21 x 15.7 cm (8 1,4 x 6 3,16 in.)

Libro de horas de Santa Clara, de Bernat Martorell. Página iluminada. C. 1430-1435. Temple sobre vitela. Procedente del Convento de santa Clara de Barcelona. Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat de Barcelona.

The Entry into Jerusalem; Paris, France; about 1420; Tempera colors, gold, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 20.2 x 14.9 cm (7 15,16 x 5 7,8 in.)

The Glory of Martyrs and the Pure. Simon Marmion (Flemish, active 1450 - 1489)

Miniature of Gaia Cyrilla in a chamber, wearing a crown, seated before a fireplace, spinning wool on a wheel. A helper cards the wool. Initial, rubric, border design.. 1450. Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313-1375). text. Illuminations, Manuscripts, Miniatures (illuminations). Spencer Collection. Women

The Dragon Hurls Water after the Woman Clothed in the Sun. Unknown

The Tabernacle; Master of Jean de Mandeville (French, active 1350 - 1370); Paris, France; about 1360 - 1370; Tempera colors, gold, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 34.9 x 26 cm (13 3,4 x 10 1,4 in.)

Initial S: An Archer Shooting an Arrow. Bute Master (Franco-Flemish, active about 1260 - 1290)

Saint Matthew; Workshop of the Bedford Master (French, active first half of 15th century); Paris, France; about 1440 - 1450; Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 23.5 x 16.4 cm (9 1,4 x 6 7,16 in.)

A Man Slaughtering a Wild Boar; Workshop of the Rohan Master (French, active about 1410 - 1440); Paris, France; about 1415 - 1420; Tempera colors, gold paint, gold leaf, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 20.5 x 14.8 cm (8 1,16 x 5 13,16 in.)

A Cinomolgus. Unknown

Jesus with an Orb in a Garden; Willem Vrelant (Flemish, died 1481, active 1454 - 1481); Bruges, Belgium; early 1460s; Tempera colors, gold leaf, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 25.6 x 17.3 cm (10 1,16 x 6 13,16 in.)

Hours of Charles the Noble, King of Navarre (1361-1425): fol. 260v, Text, c. 1405. Master of the Brussels Initials and Associates (French). Ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 20.3 x 15.7 x 7 cm (8 x 6 3/16 x 2 3/4 in.). This precious volume was obviously highly prized by its owner, the French-born King of Navarre, who had his coat of arms painted on no less than twenty folios. Rather than directly commissioning this manuscript from a specific workshop, it seems that Charles the Noble acquired his book of hours -- perhaps ready-made for the luxury market -- while on a trip to Paris in 1404-05. A collaborative effort, six painting styles are evidenced within the pages of this codex, those of two Italians, two Frenchmen, and two Netherlanders. The painter who was responsible for the planning and decoration of the book, and who produced seventeen of the large miniatures, was a Bolognese artist known as the Master of the Brussels Initials. His principal assistant, responsible for mos

Decorated Incipit Page; Malnazar (Armenian, active about 1630s), and Aghap'ir (Armenian, active about 1630s); Isfahan, Persia; 1637 - 1638; Tempera colors, gold paint, and gold leaf on parchment; Leaf: 25.2 x 18.3 cm (9 15,16 x 7 3,16 in.)

Saint John the Baptist; Willem Vrelant (Flemish, died 1481, active 1454 - 1481); Bruges, Belgium; early 1460s; Tempera colors, gold leaf, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 25.6 x 17.3 cm (10 1,16 x 6 13,16 in.)

Jacob before Pharaoh/Illumination 1415.

The Creation in the Livre des propriétés des choses. Date/Period: 1400. Width: 26 cm. Height: 35 cm (Complete). Author: UNKNOWN.

Missale: Fol. 225: Chalice with Host, 1469. Bartolommeo Caporali (Italian, c. 1420-1503), assisted by Giapeco Caporali (Italian, d. 1478). Ink, tempera and burnished gold on vellum ; overall: 35 x 25 cm (13 3/4 x 9 13/16 in.).

A Man Knocking Acorns from a Tree; Zodiacal Sign of Sagittarius. Date/Period: Early 1460s. Folio. Tempera colors, gold leaf, and ink on parchment. Height: 256 mm (10.07 in); Width: 173 mm (6.81 in). Author: Workshop of Willem Vrelant.

Alchandreus Presents His Work to a King. Virgil Master (French, active about 1380 - 1420)

Hunters Ferreting Out Badgers; Brittany, France; about 1430 - 1440; Tempera colors, gold paint, silver paint, and gold leaf on parchment; Leaf: 26.4 x 18.4 cm (10 3,8 x 7 1,4 in.)

Banquet and riders, c1280-1290. Artist: Unknown

Zodiacal Sign of Virgo. Unknown

The Battle between the Duke of Jülich and Gelders and the Duke of Brabant. Master of the Getty Froissart (Flemish, active about 1475 - 1485)

The Four Evangelists. Spitz Master (French, active about 1415 - 1425)

Initial I: Scenes from the Life of Esther. Date/Period: Ca. 1270. Folio. Tempera colors, black ink, and gold leaf on parchment. Height: 470 mm (18.50 in); Width: 322 mm (12.67 in). Author: UNKNOWN.

Christ Nailed to the Cross; Master of the Lee Hours (Flemish, active about 1450 - 1470); Ghent (probably), Belgium; about 1450 - 1455; Tempera colors, gold leaf, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 19.4 x 14 cm (7 5,8 x 5 1,2 in.)

Job Pointing to a Blooming Shrub. Follower of the Egerton Master (French / Netherlandish, active about 1405 - 1420)

Ecclesia. Master of Jean de Mandeville (French, active 1350 - 1370)

Saint Matthias; Follower of the Egerton Master (French , Netherlandish, active about 1405 - 1420); Paris, France; about 1410; Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 19.1 x 14 cm (7 1,2 x 5 1,2 in.)

April Calendar Page; Picking Flowers; Taurus. Workshop of Willem Vrelant (Flemish, died 1481, active 1454 - 1481)

Initial D: A Dog; Würzburg, Germany; about 1240 - 1250; Tempera colors, gold leaf, and silver leaf on parchment; Leaf: 22.7 x 15.7 cm (8 15,16 x 6 3,16 in.)

Louis IX Visiting Vincent of Beauvais. Unknown

Initial C: The Creation of the World; Unknown; Italy, Northeastern Italy, Europe; about 1420; Tempera colors, gold leaf, and ink on parchment; Leaf (approx.): 46.5 x 34.6 cm (18 5/16 x 13 5/8 in.)

The Trinity; Lieven van Lathem, Flemish, about 1430 - 1493, active 1454 - 1493; Ghent (written), Belgium, Europe; 1469; Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, silver paint, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 12.4 x 9.2 cm (4 7/8 x 3 5/8 in.)

Printed Book of Hours (Use of Rome): fol.18r, St. Luke, 1510. Guillaume Le Rouge (French, Paris, active 1493-1517). 112 Printed folios on parchment, bound;

Hours of Queen Isabella the Catholic, Queen of Spain: Fol. 192r, c. 1500. Master of the First Prayerbook of Maximillian (Flemish, c. 1444-1519), and Associates. Ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 22.5 x 15.2 cm (8 7/8 x 6 in.).

Saint John the Baptist Pointing to the Lamb of God; Master of Jacques of Luxembourg (French, active about 1460 - 1470); Flanders (or), Belgium; about 1466 - 1470; Tempera colors, gold leaf, silver leaf, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 16.4 x 11.4 cm (6 7,16 x 4 1,2 in.)

The Soldiers of Brabant Entering Ravenstein; Master of the Getty Froissart (Flemish, active about 1475 - 1485); Bruges, Belgium; about 1480 - 1483; Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 48 x 35 cm (18 7,8 x 13 3,4 in.)

The Visitation; or Le Mans, France; about 1400 - 1410; Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 18.9 x 13.2 cm (7 7,16 x 5 3,16 in.)

A Man Slaughtering a Pig; Zodiacal Sign of Capricorn; Follower of the Egerton Master (French , Netherlandish, active about 1405 - 1420); Paris, France; about 1410; Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 19.1 x 14 cm (7 1,2 x 5 1,2 in.)

Three Cuttings from a Missal, c. 1470-1500. Germany, Franconia or Saxony () or Silesia (), 15th century. Ink, tempera and gold on vellum; each leaf: 17.6 x 9 cm (6 15/16 x 3 9/16 in.). These three cuttings are illuminated in a style that is somewhat provincial and difficult to localize. The figures relate to late 15th-century German woodcut illustration, but also vaguely recall Franconian sculpture and Saxon painting. The figures are simply, though charmingly, sketched in heavy black ink with little attention to finesse of line or detail. The palette is confined to dark hues of red, blue, and ochre with flesh tones either left white or colored pink. The style hints at an origin in Franconia, Saxony, or Silesia. The initial E includes a form of musical notation called Hufnagalshrift or "horseshoe nail writing" because it resembles the nails used to attached horseshoes. Hufnagalshrift appears almost exclusively in manuscripts produced in Germanic Central Europe. The use of different c

The Circumcision; Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany; about 1400 - 1410; Tempera colors, gold, silver paint, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 33.5 x 23.5 cm (13 3,16 x 9 1,4 in.)

The Sacrifice of Isaac; Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany; about 1400 - 1410; Tempera colors, gold, silver paint, and ink on parchment; Leaf: 33.5 x 23.5 cm (13 3,16 x 9 1,4 in.)

Hours of Charles the Noble, King of Navarre (1361-1425): fol. 10r, October, c. 1405. Master of the Brussels Initials and Associates (French). Ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; codex: 20.3 x 15.7 x 7 cm (8 x 6 3/16 x 2 3/4 in.). This precious volume was obviously highly prized by its owner, the French-born King of Navarre, who had his coat of arms painted on no less than twenty folios. Rather than directly commissioning this manuscript from a specific workshop, it seems that Charles the Noble acquired his book of hours -- perhaps ready-made for the luxury market -- while on a trip to Paris in 1404-05. A collaborative effort, six painting styles are evidenced within the pages of this codex, those of two Italians, two Frenchmen, and two Netherlanders. The painter who was responsible for the planning and decoration of the book, and who produced seventeen of the large miniatures, was a Bolognese artist known as the Master of the Brussels Initials. His principal assistant, responsible for m

Initial I: Scenes from the Life of Esther; Lille (probably), France; about 1270; Tempera colors, black ink, and gold leaf on parchment; Leaf: 47 x 32.2 cm (18 1,2 x 12 11,16 in.)

A Hunter Spotting a Deer; Brittany, France; about 1430 - 1440; Tempera colors, gold paint, silver paint, and gold leaf on parchment; Leaf: 26.4 x 18.4 cm (10 3,8 x 7 1,4 in.)

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