19th Century Scientists and Innovators

Engravings of notable 19th-century scientists and inventors, showcasing their attire and character. The images reflect a vintage style with a focus on their contributions to science.

Elisha Mitchell (1793-1857) American naturalist and explorer. Professor of chemistry, mineralogy and geology at the University of North Carolina. In 1835 he established the height of Mt Mitchell, North Carolina. He fell to his death at nearby Mitchell Falls while verifying his earlier measurements. Engraving 1896.

Warren De La Rue, (1815-1889), Chemist and astronomer. From The Illustrated London News, 1859. He was the inventor of an envelope making machine in 1851

$'Alvan Clark (1804-1887) American astronomer,painter and engraver. His company Alvan Clark & Sons, produced lenses for refracting telescopes, including Pulkova Observatory, Russia, and Yerkes and Lick observatories in the United States.'$

Paul Broca (1824-1880) French physician, anatomist and anthropologist. Discovered the location of the speech production area in the front lobes of the brain. Engraving from 'La Nature' (Paris, 1880).

Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich Muller, from 1867 von Mueller, from 1871 Freiherr von Muller, 1825 - 1896, a German-Australian botanist and geographer, historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original.

Sir David Brewster, 19th century Scottish scientist, inventor and writer.Artist: Alfred Croquis

John Watkins Brett (1805-1863) English telegraph pioneer who, with his brother Jacob, founded the General Oceanic Electric Telegraph Company (1845). Engraving from 'Les Merveilles de la Science' by Louis Figuier (Paris, c1870).

Wilhelm Julius Foerster, 1832 - 1921, a German astronomer, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original.

Antoine Cesar Becquerel, March 1788 - 18 January 1878, was a French scientist and a pioneer in the study of electric and luminescent phenomena / Antoine Cesar Becquerel, 8. März 1788 - 18. Januar 1878, war ein französischer Physiker, Historisch, historical, digital improved reproduction of an original from the 19th century / digitale Reproduktion einer Originalvorlage aus dem 19. Jahrhundert,.

Dr. Lankester, the coroner for Central Middlesex, 1862. Engraving from a photograph by M. Claudet. 'Dr. Lankester has been many years before the public, and is well known as a most painstaking and laborious cultivator of science. We believe long before he obtained his medical degree he was a frequent contributor to our periodical literature. Since then he has annually given us many papers of value on science and domestic economy as well as on general literature'. Lankester made a major contribution to the control of cholera in London. He was also the first public analyst in England. From &quot

Elisha Mitchell (1793-1857) American naturalist and explorer. Professor of chemistry, mineralogy and geology at the University of North Carolina. In 1835 he established the height of Mt Mitchell, North Carolina. He fell to his death at nearby Mitchell Falls while verifying his earlier measurements. Engraving 1896.

Joseph Henry (1797-1878) American geophysicist and meteorologist.

Oskar Lenz (1848-1925). Austro-German geologist and mineralogist. He led several expeditions to the African continent to carry out geological studies. He visited the legendary city of Timbuktu. Engraving. La Ilustracion Española y Americana, 1881.

Johann Gottfried Galle, 9 June 1812 - 10 July 1910, was a German astronomer, climatologist and university lecturer. He was involved in the discovery of the planet Neptune, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) German zoologist and evolutionist. Recapitulation theory 'Ontology recapitulates phylogeny'. Wood engraving.

Professor Carl Alexander von Martius, 1838-1920, German chemist, historical illustration, circa 1886

Professor Ernst Heinrich Haeckel, 1834 - 1919, German zoologist, philosopher and free thinker, historical illustration, 1877

Zenobe Theophile Gramme (1826-1901) Belgian electrical engineer who settled in France in his 20s. Invented the direct current dynamo (c1871). Engraving c1901.

Carl August von Steinheil, 12 October 1801, 12 September 1870, a German physicist, astronomer, optician and entrepreneur, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

'Timoth Abbott Conrad (1803-1877) American Naturalist, geologist, and malacologist (study of Molluscs). A New York State Geologist: paleontologist on the New York Geological Survey 1838-1841.'

Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich Müller, from 1867 von Mueller, from 1871 Freiherr von Müller, 1825, 1896, a German-Australian botanist and geographer, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, from 1867 von Mueller, from 1871 Freiherr von Müller, a German-Australian botanist and geographer, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original

JOHN COLLIS NESBIT Chemist, professor of chemistry and principal of Kennington agricultural college. Date: 1818 - 1862

Joseph Hyrtl or Josef Hyrtl, 7 December 1810, 17 July 1894, an Austro-Hungarian anatomist, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Historic drawing, 19th century, portrait of Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805 - 1861, a French zoologist and ethologist

JOSEPH-NICEPHORE NIEPCE French physicist, credited with making the world's first photograph (1826) Date: 1765 - 1833

Denison Olmsted (1791-1859), American physicist and astronomer, known for his observations of hail, meteors and the aurora borealis. Engraving, 1896.

Giovanni Caselli, 25 May 1815, 5 October 1891, was an Italian physicist, Historical, digital reproduction of an original 19th century document

ADRIEN BOUCHARDAT French chemist. Date: 1810 -

Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen, 30 March 1811- 16 August 1899, German chemist / Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen,30. März 1811 - 16. August 1899, deutscher Chemiker, Historisch, historical, digital improved reproduction of an original from the 19th century / digitale Reproduktion einer Originalvorlage aus dem 19. Jahrhundert.

Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859) English botanist, plant collector and ornithologist, born near Settle Yorkshire. He worked in America from 1810-1842. Engraving 1896.

Franz Reuleaux, 30 September 1829, 20 August 1905, was a German engineer who was active in many fields of mechanical engineering, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Edward Hitchcock (1793-1864), American geologist who was the third President of Amherst College (1845-1854). He carried out geological surveys in Massachusetts. In palaeontology, he published papers on the fossilised dinosaur tracks in the Connecticut Valley. Engraving, 1896.

Adam Sedgwick (1785-1873) British geologist who, in cooperation with Roderick Impey Murchison (1792-1871), defined the Devonian system. From 'Life of Sir Roderick I. Murchison' by Archibald Geikie (London, 1875). Engraving.

Rudolf Friedrich Johann Heinrich Wagner, 30 June 1805, 13 May 1864, German anatomist, zoologist and physiologist, digitally restored reproduction of a 19th century original, exact original date not known

DARWIN, Charles Robert (1809-1882). British naturalist, author of the theory of evolution by natural selection. Engraving. SPAIN. CATALONIA. Barcelona. Biblioteca de Catalunya (National Library of Catalonia).

Giovanni Schiaparelli (18351910), Italian astronomer who made the observations that produced the false idea of 'canals' on the surface of Mars

Portrait of Michel Eugene Chevreul (1786 - 1889) was a French chemist whose work contributed to significant developments in science, medicine and art. France. Old 19th century engraved illustration from La Nature 1886

Raymond Gaston planned in 1834-1889 French physicist, who invented the first accumulator or the first electrical memory battery in 1859. It was a wet cell with two lead panels that were dipped in sulfuric acid, the electrolytes. Copper engraving from Les Nouvelles Conquetes de la Science by Louis Figuier Paris, 1883., Historically, digitally restored reproduction of a 19th century template, Record Date Not Stated

Joseh Lister (1827-1912), English surgeon and pioneer of antiseptic surgery, c1877. Lithograph after a photograph, c1877.

Martin Eduard von Simson, 10 shore clingfish (1810), 2 May 1899, was a German judge, university teacher and parliamentarian in the Kingdom of Prussia, digital improved reproduction of an original print from 1880

Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) German zoologist and evolutionist. Recapitulation theory 'Ontology recapitulates phylogeny'. Wood engraving.

The late Mr. Babbage, 1871. Engraving from a photograph by M. Claudet of '...the eminent mathematician and inventor of "the calculating machine"...He conceived the notion, which had, indeed, been thought of by Pascal and other French geometricians, that certain arithmetical operations could be performed by mechanism...Mr. Babbage first publicly broached his ideas on the subject in a letter to Sir Humphry Davy...The Treasury took up the proposal and granted Mr. Babbage £1500 to make the machine. It was commenced in 1823, and money was from time to time voted in payment of mater

EDMOND FREMY French chemist who made several valuable discoveries such as hydrogen fluoride gas, and wrote extensively on chemistry subjects. Date: 1814 - 1894

GEORGE ROLLESTON Linacre professor of physiology at Oxford Date: 1829 - 1881

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) English Naturalist Engraving

Eduard Suess (1831-1914) Austrian geologist, born in London. He proposed the previous existence of an old supercontinent which he named Gondwanaland (1861) and the Tethys ocean. His work founded the theory of continental drift. Engraving from 'Der Stein der Weisen' (Leipzig c1895).

Charles Babbage (1791-1871) English mathematician. Difference engine for calculation of log tables, and Analytical engine. Wood engraving published London 1871

Leslie Matthew 'Spy' Ward, 1851-1922, British, Vanity Fair - Explorers and Inventors. 'Natural Philosophy'. Lord Kelvin. 29 April 1897, 1897. Chromolithograph.

Portrait of Marc Seguin (1786-1875) a French engineer, inventor of the wire-cable suspension bridge and the multi-tubular steam-engine boiler. Dated 19th Century

Illustration showing Robert Brown (1773 - 1858); Scottish botanist and palaeobotanist; who made important contributions to botany largely through his pioneering use of the microscope. 1858

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) French chemist and physicist. Engraving c1895

Aime Jacques Alexandre Bonpland, August 1773 - 1858, a French explorer and botanist who traveled with Alexander von Humboldt in Latin America from 1799 to 1804 / Aime Jacques Alexandre Bonpland, Goujaud, 29. August 1773 - 11. Mai 1858, war ein französischer Naturforscher, Historisch, historical, digital improved reproduction of an original from the 19th century / digitale Reproduktion einer Originalvorlage aus dem 19. Jahrhundert,.

Portrait of Edmé Félix Alfred Vulpian (1826-1887) was a French physician and neurologist. He was the co-discoverer of Vulpian-Bernhardt spinal muscular atrophy and the Vulpian-Heidenhain-Sherrington phenomenon. Old illustration from La Nature 1887

Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne 1806-1875. The father of modern neurology.

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834 - 1907) Russian chemist and inventor. He is best remembered for formulating the Periodic Law and creating a farsighted version of the periodic table of elements. He used the Periodic Law not only to correct the then-accepted properties of some known elements, such as the valence and atomic weight of uranium, but also to predict the properties of eight elements that were yet to be discovered.

RICHARD ANTHONY PROCTOR astronomer, and author of astronomical writings. Date: 1837 - 1888

Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz, 6 October 1836, 23 January 1921, German anatomist, famous for consolidating the neuron theory for the o...

Portrait of Jules Auguste Beclard (1817 - 1887) was a French physiologist born in Paris, France. Old illustration from La Nature 1887

Lardner Vanuxem (1792-1848) American geologist born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he studied geology in Paris. Appointed to the first Geological Survey of New York in 1836. Engraving, 1896.

Charles Henri Georges Pouchet (1833-1894), naturalista y anatomista francés, especializado en anatomía comparativa de peces y ballenas.

Christian Leopold von Buch, 26 April 1774, 4 March 1853, a German geologist, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) English physicist. Mechanical equivalent of heat (J). Engraving 1876.

Ricord, Philippe (1800-1889), French physician and surgeon. He described the three states of syphilis and their distinction between that disease and gonorrhea. Engraving, 1865.

Michael Faraday (1791-1867) British physicist and chemist. Top left, reading when apprenticed to Riebau as a bookbinder; top right; experimenting. Bottom; giving Friday Evening Discourse at Royal Institution, London. Wood engraving, 1881

Charles Adolphe Wurtz (1817-1884) was an Alsatian French chemist. He is well known by organic chemists for the Wurtz reaction, to form carbon-carbon bonds by reacting alkyl halides with sodium. Wurtz was also an influential writer and educator, France. Europe. Old 19th century engraved illustration from La Nature 1883

SIR HENRY HOLLAND medical practitioner and author Date: 1788 - 1873

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), Russian scientist won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Medicine, for his work on digestion.

Michael Faraday (1791-1867), scientist, shown holding a glass bar of the type he used to show that magnetism can affect light.

Robinson, American engineer

Charles Lyell (1797-1875). Scottish geologist. Engraving, 1883.

Vanity Fair - Explorers and Inventors. 'Natural Philosophy'. Lord Kelvin. 29 April 1897, Leslie Matthew 'Spy' Ward, 1851-1922, British, 1897, Chromolithograph

Fourcroy / (Antoine-François de) / Famous chemist / born in Paris in 1755, death in 1809

Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902) German pathologist and founder of cell pathology. In later life he turned to anthropology and archaeology and collaborated with Schliemann on the excavations at Troy. Engraving from La Science Illustree (Paris, 1892).

JOHN GEORGE WOOD churchman and writer on natural history Date: 1827 - 1889

Charles Bell (1774-1842) Scottish surgeon and anatomist; neurological discoveries; Bell's Palsy (a facial paralysis) named after him. Wood engraving

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) English naturalist. A pioneer of theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. Engraving and signature

Karl Ernst von Baer (1792-1876), Estonian-born German naturalist and embryologist. Artist: Unknown

John Tyndall (1820-1893) Irish-born British physicist. Professor at Royal Institution, London, 1854. Worked on Heat radiation and acoustics. Died of accidental Chloral poisoning. Cartoon from Vanity Fair, London, 6 April 1872, showing him lecturing

Michael Faraday, 19th century British chemist and physicist, (20th century). Artist: Unknown

Julian Sanchez Calleja (1836-1913). Spanish scientist. Professor of Anatomy and Dean of the Faculty of Medicine in Madrid. Nineteenth century engraving.

Thomas Graham 1805-1869, Scottish chemist who laid the foundations of physical chemistry. From James Sheridan Muspratt Chemistry London, approx. 1860. British., Historically, digitally restored reproduction of a 19th century template, Record Date Not Stated

Portrait of Félix Tisserand (1845-1896) a French astronomer. Dated 19th Century

Louis PASTEUR, 1822-95 French chemist and microbiologist, as a student at the Ecole Normale SupZrieure, France, 1845 drawing

Sig. Sepilla conductor

Jean-Baptiste Dumas (1800-1884), French chemist.

Leslie Matthew 'Spy' Ward, 1851-1922, British, Vanity Fair: Doctors and Scientists; 'Astronomy', Mr. Richard Anthony Proctor, March 3, 1883, 1883. Chromolithograph.

M, Schleiden , Matthias Jacob Schleiden, German botanist, co -founder of the cell theory, Rudolf Hoffmann, Lithographer, Joh, Haller, Printer, George André Lenoir -, publishing house

Michael Faraday 1791-1867 English chemist and physicist. In 1813 he became a laboratory assistant of Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution in London. In 1833 he became Davy's successor as a professor of chemistry at the RI. From James Sheridan Muspratt Chemistry Londo, historically, digitally restored reproduction of a 19th century template, Record Date Not Stated

PROFESSOR T.C. ARCHER

William Bowman (1816- 1892)English anatomist, surgeon and ophthalmologist was born at Nantwich, Cheshire. After five years at Birmingham General Hospital, in 1837 he moved to Kings College Hospital, London. In the early 1840s he published papers on the structure and function of the kidneys. In 1846 he joined Moorfields Ophthalmic Hospital, London, and became an authority on the eye and the leading ophthalmic surgeon. Fellow of the Royal Society, 1841. First president of the Ophthalmological Society, 1880. Created Baron, 1884. From 'Men of Mark'. (London, 1880).

SIR ISAAC PITMAN Inventor of a system of shorthand Date: 1813 - 1897

Portrait of Charles Edouard Brown Sequard (Port Louis 1817 - Sceaux 1894)British physiologist and neurologist, inventor hypodermic injection. Old XIX century engraved illustration from La Ilustracion Española y Americana 1894

Henry Seebohm 1832-59 British Quäuer, ornithologist and steel manufacturer in Sheffield, England. Heliogravure., Historically, digitally restored reproduction of a template from the 19th century, Record date not stated

John Taylor, mining engineer and geologist. Lithograph by J.A. Vinter after S. Hodges.

Heinrich Schliemann, 1822-1890, a German businessman and pioneer in the field of archeology, found the ruins of Troy, historical engraving, circa 1869

James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) English physicist. Mechanical equivalent of heat (J). Engraving from 'The Science Record' New York 1875 .

DARWIN, Charles Robert (1809-1882) British naturalist. Colored engraving.

Raymond Lee Newcomb (1849 - 1918) was an American naturalist, taxidermist, artist, and astronomer from Salem, Massachusetts. He was part of the Jeannette expedition and edited and co-authored Our Lost Explorers: the narrative of the Jeannette Arctic expedition as related by the survivors. The Jeannette expedition of 1879-1881, Journal of Captain George Washington De Long 1879-1881. Old 19th century engraving from Le Tour du Monde 1906

Jacobus Henricus Van't Hoff (1852-1911) Dutch chemist. Winner of first Nobel prize for chemistry, 1901. Engraving, 1902

Claude Bernard (1813-1878). French physician and physiologist. Engraving at The Academy, 1878. Universal Illustrated Weekly.

Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt was a Prussian geographer, naturalist, and explorer, and the younger brother of the Prussian minister, philosopher and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835). Humboldt's quantitative work on botanical geography laid the foundation for the field of biogeography. Between 1799 and 1804, Humboldt travelled extensively in Latin America, exploring and describing it for the first time from a modern scientific point of view. His description of the journey was written up and published in an enormous set of volumes over 21 years. He was one of the first to propose that the lands bordering the Atlantic Ocean were once joined (South America and Africa in particular). Later, his five-volume work, Kosmos (1845), attempted to unify the various branches of scientific knowledge. Humboldt supported and worked with other scientists, including Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac, Justus von Liebig, Louis Agassiz, Matthew Fontaine Maury, Georg von Neumayer, and most

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