19th Century Theatrical Portraits

A collection of vintage portraits featuring women in elegant, elaborate gowns from the 19th century, showcasing historical fashion and theatrical themes.

A fine portrait of a rich woman of European extraction. Photograph by Abdullah Freres, Pera, Constantinople. They were the best court portrait photographers in Turkey. circa 1885

Card Number 40, Emma Thursby, from the Actors and Actresses series (N145-2) issued by Duke Sons & Co. to promote Cross Cut Cigarettes 1880s Issued by W. Duke, Sons & Co. Trade cards from the set "Actors and Actresses" (N145-2), issued in the 1880s by W. Duke Sons & Co. to promote Cross Cut Cigarettes. There are eight subsets of the N145 series. Various subsets sport different card designs and also promote different tobacco brands represented by W. Duke Sons & Company. This card is from the second subset, N145-2. Note that actors' names are spelled differently on cards throughout set and are not dependable for accuracy.. Card Number 40, Emma Thursby, from the Actors and Actresses series (N145-2) issued by Duke Sons & Co. to promote Cross Cut Cigarettes. 1880s. Albumen photograph. Issued by W. Duke, Sons & Co. (New York and Durham, N.C.)

Portrait of Am�lie Mentz, actress at the theater of the comic relaxation, at the Th��tre du Gymnasium between 1866 and 1872, and at the theater of the dramatic Folies. Anonymous. Portrait of Am�lie Mentz, actress at the theater of the comic relaxation, at the Th��tre du Gymnasium between 1866 and 1872, and at the theater of the dramatic Folies. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890.

Portrait of Judith (Julie Bernat, Say) (1827-1912), (Actress to French Comedy) Portrait of Judith (Julie Bernat, Say, 1827-1912), Actress at the French comedy. 1867. Business card (front). Anonymous photography.

Countess de Montijo. Disdéri & Cie.

Mathilde Langenbach geb. Biedermann , Alexandre Benois Collection

Portrait of ERRAGU (actress) Portrait of ERRAGU (actress). Business card (front). Photography of D�d�ri & Cie. Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890.

Portrait of Lovely, (Ms. D�sir� Larue, Say), (1837-), (Actress) Portrait of Lovely (Ms. Desired Larue, Say) (born in 1837), actress. Business card (front). Photography of Carjat & Cie. Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890.

Portrait of Garcia (Wife A. Houssaye), (Italian Theater) Portrait of Garcia, wife A. Houssaye, Theater of Italians. Anonymous photography. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890.

A fine portrait of a rich woman of European extraction. Photograph by Abdullah Freres, Pera, Constantinople. They were the best court portrait photographers in Turkey. circa 1885

Portrait of Adele Page (1820-1882), actress of theater between 1840 and 1874. Artistic photography and government schools. Portrait of Adele Page (1820-1882), theater actress between 1840 and 1874. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890.

Portrait of Lucile, (actress) Portrait of Lucile, Actress. Business card (front). Anonymous photography. Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890.

Mathilde Langenbach geb. Biedermann , Alexandre Benois Collection

Teresa Oder Luigia Ricchini, Unknown, Photographer

Portrait of Deslions Anna, (half-world) Portrait of Anna Desiles, Half-World. Photography of Dengrie & CIE. BUSINESS CARD (FRONT). Draw on albuminum papers. 1870-1890. Paris, Carnalatalet Museum.

Portrait of Pittori (dancer) Portrait of pittori, dancer. Business card (front). Photograph of Eugene Disderi (1819-1889). Draw on albuminum paper, 1860-1890.

Portrait of nepheux hydtlese, actress of theater between 1865 and 1876. Vaury and Cie. Portrait of nepheux hydtlese, actress of theater between 1865 and 1876. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890.

Albumin photograph by Ludwig Angerer showing Empress Elisabeth in a white dress standing next to a chair and table with flowers in autumn 1860, capturing full figure and formal pose.

Portrait of Brigitte Aubry (Actress) Portrait of Brigitte Aubry (actress). Photography of Carjat & Cie. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1870-1890.

Portrait of Pilvois Clara, (dancer) Portrait of Clara Pilvois, dancer. Business card (front). Photograph of Eugene Disderi (1819-1889). Draw on albuminum paper, 1860-1890.

Card Number 163, Belle Wilson, from the Actors and Actresses series (N145-6) issued by Duke Sons & Co. to promote Duke Cigarettes 1880s Issued by W. Duke, Sons & Co. Trade cards from the set "Actors and Actresses" (N145-6), issued in the 1880s by W. Duke Sons & Co. to promote Duke Cigarettes. There are eight subsets of the N145 series. Various subsets sport different card designs and also promote different tobacco brands represented by W. Duke Sons & Company. This card is from the sixth subset, N145-6. Note that actors' names are spelled differently on cards throughout set and are not dependable for accuracy.. Card Number 163, Belle Wilson, from the Actors and Actresses series (N145-6) issued by Duke Sons & Co. to promote Duke Cigarettes 647983

Portrait of Franchino (lyrical singer) Portrait of Franchino, lyric singer. Photograph of Charles Reutlinger. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890.

Mathilde (autre) 1860s Pierre-Louis Pierson French. Mathilde (autre) 261538

Card Number 219, Floy Crowell, from the Actors and Actresses series (N145-7) issued by Duke Sons & Co. to promote Duke Cigarettes 1880s Issued by W. Duke, Sons & Co. Trade cards from the set "Actors and Actresses" (N145-7), issued in the 1880s by W. Duke Sons & Co. to promote Duke Cigarettes. There are eight subsets of the N145 series. Various subsets sport different card designs and also promote different tobacco brands represented by W. Duke Sons & Company. This card is from the seventh subset, N145-7. Note that actors' names are spelled differently on cards throughout set and are not dependable for accuracy.. Card Number 219, Floy Crowell, from the Actors and Actresses series (N145-7) issued by Duke Sons & Co. to promote Duke Cigarettes 648633

Mathilde (autre). Artist: Pierre-Louis Pierson (French, 1822-1913). Date: 1860s. Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.

Portrait of Delphine Fix (wife Salvador), (1831-1864), (actress) Portrait of Delphine Fix, wife Salvador (1831-1864), Actress. Photograph of Leon Cream. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. Before 1864-1864.

Portrait of Quenals, Opera Dancer between 1852 and 1858. Portrait of Quenals, Dancer at the Opera between 1852 and 1858. Business card (front). Photograph of Disderi & Cie. Draw on albuminum paper, 1860-1890.

Portrait of Louise Marquet, Opera Dancer between 1852 and 1870. Cyrus Anatole Pougnet (1840-). Portrait of Louise Marquet, Dancer at the opera between 1852 and 1870. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890.

Portrait of Delphine Ualde (1829-1910), (born Gabrielle Delphine Elisabeth Beauce, wife Ugalde, then Varcollier), Lyrical singer, theater director Portrait of Delphine Ualde (1829-1910) (born Gabrielle Delphine Elisabeth Beauce, wife ugalde, then Varcollier), lyricist singer, director of theater. Business card (front). Photograph of Ernest Ladrey. Draw on albuminum paper, 1860-1890.

Floy Crowell, from the Actors and Actresses series (N45, Type 1) for Virginia Brights Cigarettes. Dimensions: Sheet: 2 3/4 x 1 3/8 in. (7 x 3.5 cm). Publisher: Issued by Allen & Ginter (American, Richmond, Virginia). Date: ca. 1888.Trade cards from the "Actors and Actresses" series (N45, Type 1), issued ca. 1888 by Allen & Ginter to promote Virginia Brights, Dixie, Our Little Beauties and Opera Puffs Cigarettes. Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.

Portrait of Adele Page (1820-1882), actress of theater between 1840 and 1874. Pierre Petit & Trinquart. Portrait of Adele Page (1820-1882), theater actress between 1840 and 1874. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890.

Marie Baumeister, sister of Bernhard Baumeister -, Unknown

Portrait of Lloyd Marie, (Marie Emilie Jolly, Say), (Georges Vibert), (1842-1897), (Actress) Portrait of Marie Emilie Jolly, Dite Marie Lloyd, (Ep. Georges Vibert) (1842-1897), Actress. 1860-1890. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. Photograph of Charles Reutlinger (1816-1880).

Portrait of Josefa Leon de Bernales. .

Portrait of Dubouchet (called Plunkett), (Actress at the Royal Palace Theater) Portrait of Dubouchet (called Plunkett), (actress at the theater of the Royal Palace). Business card (front). Photograph of Pierre Petit & Trinquart. Draw on albuminum paper. 1858.

The Duchess of Manchester. Camille Silvy (French, 1834 - 1910)

Marie Sasse.. Unknown

Portrait of Salomea Kruszelnicka (1872-1952), Ukrainian singer (entire figure). Mieczkowski, Jan (Warszawa ; zakład fotograficzny ; ca 1850-ca 1914), photo studio

Helen Burton, Walter Burton's wife cartes-de-visite, black-and-white prints

Portrait of Schneider, (actress) Gaston, Mathieu & Cie. Portrait of Schneider, Actress. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper, 1860-1890.

Princess of Bretzenheim, Emil Ronging -, photographer

Mlle. Besoin, from the Actors and Actresses series (N145-8) issued by Duke Sons & Co. to promote Duke Cigarettes ca. 1891 Issued by W. Duke, Sons & Co. Trade cards from the set "Actors and Actresses" (N145-8), issued in the 1880s by W. Duke Sons & Co. to promote Duke Cigarettes. There are eight subsets of the N145 series. Various subsets sport different card designs and also promote different tobacco brands represented by W. Duke Sons & Company. This card is from the eighth subset, N145-8. Note that actors' names are spelled differently on cards throughout set and are not dependable for accuracy.. Mlle. Besoin, from the Actors and Actresses series (N145-8) issued by Duke Sons & Co. to promote Duke Cigarettes 648785

Portrait of Emilie Guyon, (1821-1878), (actress or singer) Portrait of Emilie Guyon, (1821-1878), (actress or singer). Business card (front) .Tire on albuminum paper. Between 1860-1890. Photography of Ddri & Cie.

Portrait of Bellamy, Maria, (1835-), (actress) Alphonse Li�bert (1827-1914). Portrait of Bellamy, Maria, (1835-), (actress). Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1870-1890.

Portrait of Deslions Anna, (half-world) Portrait of Anna Desles (Half-World). Anonymous photography. BUSINESS CARD (FRONT). Draw on albuminum papers. 1870-1890. Paris, Carnalatalet Museum.

Portrait of Volier (Wolter or Walter, Elder or Loved), Dancer at the Opera. Portrait of Volier, Opera Dancer. Business card (front). Photograph of Eugene Disderi (1819-1889). Draw on albuminum paper, 1860-1890.

M'lle Geraldine, from the Actors and Actresses series (N45, Type 8) for Virginia Brights Cigarettes ca. 1888 Issued by Allen & Ginter American Trade cards from the "Actors and Actresses" series (N45, Type 8), issued ca. 1888 by Allen & Ginter to promote Virginia Brights, Dixie, Our Little Beauties and Opera Puffs Cigarettes.. M'lle Geraldine, from the Actors and Actresses series (N45, Type 8) for Virginia Brights Cigarettes 417476

Marie Countess Hardegg , Hermann Klee -, photographer

Portrait of Zina Marais, born Zina Richard, Opera Dancer around 1857-1863. Disha. Portrait of Zina Marais, born Zina Richard, Opera Dancer around 1857-1863. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890.

Portrait of Alphonsine, (actress) Portrait of Alphonsine, Actress. Business card (front). Photograph of Vaury and Cie. Draw on albuminum paper. 1870-1890.

Portrait of Laure Dordet (-1900), called Milla, Theater Actress. Portrait of Laure Dordet (Deceased in 1900), called Milla, theater actress. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890. Photograph of Numa Son (1866-1880).

H.R.H. The Princess of Wales, 1871, United Kingdom, by Arthur James Melhuish.

Mrs. Stuart Robson, from the Actresses series (N245) issued by Kinney Brothers to promote Sweet Caporal Cigarettes 1890 Issued by Kinney Brothers Tobacco Company American Trade cards from the set "Actors and Actresses" (N245), issued in 1890 by Kinney Brothers Tobacco to promote Sweet Caporal Cigarettes.. Mrs. Stuart Robson, from the Actresses series (N245) issued by Kinney Brothers to promote Sweet Caporal Cigarettes 656987

Portrait of Deslions Anna, (half-world) Portrait of Anna Desiles, Half-World. BUSINESS CARD (FRONT). Photograph of Andr�e Adolphen Eugene folder (1819-1889). Draw On Aluminum Paper. 1870-1890. Paris, Carnalatalet Museum.

Portrait of Beaugrand, Leontine, (dancer) Anonymous. Portrait of Beaugrand, Leontine, (dancer). Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1870-1890.

Portrait of Durond (Lyric Theater) Portrait of Durond (lyric theater). Business card (front). Photography of D�d�ri & Cie. Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890.

Portrait of Loved Descre�, (1836-1874), (Actress) Portrait of Loved Descre�, (1836-1874), (actress). Photograph of Alphonse Li�bert (1827-1914). Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1870-1890.

Portrait of demoy, (singer) Portrait of demoy, singer. Photograph of Pierre Petit (1831-1908). Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1870-1890.

Portrait of Bianca II (White or C�line Boissard, Say), (1840-1902), (Actress) Portrait of Bianca II (White or C�line Boissard, Say), (1840-1902), (actress). Business card (front). Photograph of Joseph E. Elder Tourtin (1825-). Draw on albuminum paper. 1870-1890.

Portrait of Morando, Dancer at the Opera. Portrait of Morando, Dancer at the Opera. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890. Photograph of Andr� Adolphe DISDIER Eugene (Active of 1819-1889).

Portrait of Marie-Anne Daudoird, (Marie Anne Giraud, Say, 1831-19), (Actress) Portrait of Marie-Anne Giraud, known as Marie-Anne Daudoird (1831-19), Actress. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890. Photograph of Vaury and Cie.

Portrait of Ilma de Murska, actress at the Italian Theater from 1868 to 1869. André Dédéri (1819-1889). Portrait of Murska Ilma, Actress at the Italian Theater from 1868 to 1869. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890.

Portrait of Mrs. Thierret (Felicia Georgin, Say), (-1873), (Actress) Portrait of Mrs. Thierret (Felicia Georgin, Say) (-1873), Actress. Business card (front). Photograph of Franck (François GOBINET DE VILLECHOLE, says). Draw on albuminum paper, 1860-1873.

Elise Bach, married by Singer, von Prus, Photographer

Portrait of Lebon Marie, (Elisabeth Agn� Arnaud, Say), (-1899), (Actress) Portrait of Lebon Marie, (said Elizabeth Agn� Arnaud, Dead in 1899), Actress. Visit card. Between 1860 and 1890. Photography by Henri Laurent (born in 1830).

Portrait of Gabrielle-Charlotte Réju (1856-1920), called Réjane, Theater Actress. Portrait of Gabrielle-Charlotte Réju (1856-1920), called Réjane, Theater Actress. Business card (front). Photograph of the Nadar workshop. Draw on albuminum paper, 1860-1890.

Portrait of Louise Blot (actress) Charles Reutlinger (1816-1880). Portrait of Louise Blot (actress). Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1870-1890.

Portrait of Pink Deschamps, (Celestial born Rose Beauregard), (1845-), (Actress) Portrait of Rose Deschamps (born in 1845, Celestial Rose Beauregard). Photography of Louis Cremire. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1870-1890.

Portrait of Judic (Anna, Marie, Louise, Damiens, Wife Israel, Say), (1850-1911), (Actress) Portrait of Jude (known as Anna, Marie, Louise Damiens, wife Israel - 1850-1911), Actress, before 1878. Business card (front). Photograph of Gaston & Mathieu.

Rachel as Phedre by Photo studio Mayer & Pierson /Private Collection/Mid of the 19th cen./Silver Gelatin Photography/France/Opera, Ballet, Theatre

Portrait of Helena Modrzejewska (1840-1909) in a costume for the title in the art of Victorien Sardou "Odette" at the theater royal haymarket in London in 1882 (cu "For 1884; Walker, Samuel Alexander (1841-1922), Musical and theater echo (Warsaw; magazine; 1877-1907), Römmler & Jonas (Dresden; Publishing House and Printing House; 1871-1945); 1884; 1882 (photographic prototype) (1882-00-00-1884-00-00);Musical and theater echo (Warsaw - magazine - 1883-1884), Modrzejewska, Helena (1840-1909), Modrzejewska, Helena (1840-1909) - iconography, Rajchman, Aleksander (1855-1915) - collection, Sardou, Victorien (1831 -1908). Odetta, Theater Royal Haymarket (London), actors, theater costumes, portraits, women's portraits, premium, theater (artist)

Portrait of Mrs. Barrielle Mayer brothers and pierson. Portrait of Mrs. Barrielle. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. Before 1861.

Queen Victoria. John Jabez Edwin Mayall; American, 1813-1901. Date: 1861. Dimensions: 8.6 x 5.6 cm (image/paper); 10.3 x 6.4 cm (mount). Albumen print with applied coloring. Origin: United States. Museum: The Chicago Art Institute, Chicago, USA.

Pauline Metternich. Sergei Luvovich Levitsky (Russian, 1819 - 1898, active Paris, France)

Portrait of Marie-Lætitia Bonaparte-Wyse (1831-1902), known as Solms Princess, daughter of Laetitia Bonaparte, woman of letters and director of the International Journal. Portrait of Marie-Lætitia Bonaparte-Wyse (1831-1902), known as Solms Princess, daughter of Laetitia Bonaparte, woman of letters and director of the International Journal. Business card (front). Photograph of Disderi & Cie. Draw on albuminum paper, 1860-1890.

Portrait of Rey-Balla, actress at the Italian Theater and the Lyrical Theater. Portrait of Rey-Balla, actress at the Italian Theater and the Lyrical Theater. Business card (front). Photograph of Pierre Petit (Pierre Lanith Small, said). Draw on albuminum paper, 1860-1890.

Madame Ristori. Bertsch & Arnaud (French, founded 1857)

Portrait of Miss Adam, (dancer) Disha. Portrait of Miss Adam, Dancer. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1870-1890.

Portrait of Cora Pearl (Elisabeth Emma Crouch Dite, 1835 -1886), Courtesan Portrait of cora pearl (called Elisabeth Emma Crouch - 1835-1886), courtesan. Business card (front). Photograph of Auguste Verneuil. Draw on albuminum paper, 1860-1890.

Portrait of Laura Fonta (Opera Dancer) Portrait of Laura Fonta, Dancer at the Opera. Photography of DISDIER. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1864-1872.

Amalie Haizinger -, actress, Unknown

Portrait of Rossi, (actress) Portrait of Rossi, actress. Business card (front). Charles Reutlinger (1816-1880). Draw on albuminum paper, 1860-1890.

Portrait of Abingdon, Louise, Charlotte, (Abingdon - Legaigneur), (Actress) Mayer brothers and pierson. Portrait of Louise Charlotte Abingdon-Legaigneur, actress. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1870-1890.

Portrait of Loved Descre�, (1836-1874), (Actress) Portrait of Aim�e Descular (1836-1874), Actress. Photograph of Mayer Brothers and Pierson. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1870-1890.

Portrait of Judic (Anna, Marie, Louise, Damiens, Wife Israel, Say), (1850-1911), (Actress) Portrait of Judic (known as Anna, Marie, Louise Damiens, Wife Israel - 1850-1911), Actress. 1875. Business card (front). Photograph of Gaston & Mathieu.

Portrait of Demarson, (dancer) Portrait of Demarson, Dancer. Photograph of Arthur Radoult. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1870-1890.

Portrait of Rosina Penco (1823-1894), lyrical singer Portrait of Rosina Penco (1823-1894), lyrical singer. Business card (front). Photograph of Disderi & Cie. Draw on albuminum paper, 1860-1890.

Standing with a Rosary. Artist: Pierre-Louis Pierson (French, 1822-1913). Dimensions: Image: 11.7 x 8.5 cm (4 5/8 x 3 3/8 in.)Mount: 15.5 x 10 cm (6 1/8 x 3 15/16 in.). Person in Photograph: Countess Virginia Oldoini Verasis di Castiglione (1835-1899). Date: 1861-67. Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.

Countess de Castiglione, from Série des Roses 1895 Pierre-Louis Pierson French. Countess de Castiglione, from Série des Roses 288110

Caroline Barbot -, opera singer, Charles Bergamasco -, photographer

Portrait of a Bride with Orange Blossoms. Louis Fleckenstein, photographer (American, 1866 - 1943) 1907-1943

Card 407, Gerster, from the Actors and Actresses series (N45, Type 1) for Virginia Brights Cigarettes ca. 1888 Issued by Allen & Ginter American Trade cards from the "Actors and Actresses" series (N45, Type 1), issued ca. 1888 by Allen & Ginter to promote Virginia Brights, Dixie, Our Little Beauties and Opera Puffs Cigarettes.. Card 407, Gerster, from the Actors and Actresses series (N45, Type 1) for Virginia Brights Cigarettes 415207

Marthe Brandes gerfant - 4e acte). Isidore Alphonse Chalot (French, active about 1885)

Portrait of Doley, (actress) Portrait of Dley, (actress). Photograph of Franck (Fran�ois GOBINET DE VILLECHOLE, says). Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1870-1890.

Portrait of desired Adle, (actress) Portrait of desired Adle, (actress). Photography of Numa Son. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1870-1890.

Portrait of Mrs. Letourneur, (dancer) Portrait of Mrs. Letourneur, Dancer. 1860-1890. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. Photograph of Numa Son (Active from 1866 to 1880).

Laura Cecila An(illeg.). Camille Silvy (French, 1834 - 1910)

Lady Elizabeth Eastlake. Artist: David Octavius Hill (British, Perth, Scotland 1802-1870 Edinburgh, Scotland); Robert Adamson (British, St. Andrews, Scotland 1821-1848 St. Andrews, Scotland). Person in Photograph: Person in photograph Lady Elizabeth Rigby Eastlake. Photography Studio: Hill and Adamson (British, active 1843-1848). Date: 1843-47. Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA. Author: Robert Adamson. David Octavius Hill.

Portrait of Eunces (outemo), (1837-), (1837-), (Articalimate) Portrait of Emma Fleury, marriage Franceschi, (born in 1837), actress at the French comedy. Photograph of Lucien Emile Marie Bondonneau. Business card (front). Draw on albuminum paper. 1860-1890.

Portrait of a woman with a yarn winder. John Patrick, photographer (Scottish, 1830 - 1923) about 1867-1875 This photograph sits in an album that intermixes pages of cartes-de-visite with full-page photocollages. Victorian collagists took their photographic materials primarily from cartes-de-visite. Patented by André Adolphe Eugène Disdéri in 1854, the carte-de-visite was easily and inexpensively printed (84.XD.1157.2179). By the 1860s, _cartomania _ had taken hold. It became customary to exchange cartes-de-visite on social calls. These small studio portraits measure 3 ½ x 2 1/8 inches, about the size of a playing card. It is not known whether they removed the photographs from the thick cardstock on which they had been mounted or obtained unmounted prints from the photographer. People also collected cards of the royal family, actors, and politicians (see for example, the image of Princess Christina of the United Kingdom found in this album). A womans collection of cartes-de-visite visua

of 3