Albrecht Dürer Woodcuts

A selection of woodcuts by Albrecht Dürer illustrating biblical stories and mythic encounters, showcasing dramatic landscapes and expressive figures.

Epitome in divae parthenices Mariae historiam ab Alberto Durero Norico per figuras digestam cum versibus annexis Chelidonii (Life of the Virgin), Dürer, Albrecht, Impressum Nurnberge, woodcut, letterpress, 1511

Epitome in divae parthenices Mariae historiam ab Alberto Durero Norico per figuras digestam cum versibus annexis Chelidonii (Life of the Virgin), Dürer, Albrecht, Impressum Nurnberge, woodcut, letterpress, 1511

David a Goliath (RightsHeft), Anonymous, After Jost Amman, After Viegiliius Solis, 1549 - 1591 print Nuremberg paper David fighting Goliath

Woodcut by Albrecht Dürer depicting seven trombone angels, from the Apocalypse series, created around 1496/97, showing figures, instruments, and composition.

St George as the Emperor's Patron Saint, from The Habsburg Saints (Images de Saints et de Saints Issus de la Famille de L'Emperor Maximilian I). Artist: Hans Springinklee (German, active 1512-22). Dimensions: Sheet: 9 3/8 × 8 1/4 in. (23.8 × 21 cm). Published in: Vienna. Publisher: Adam von Bartsch (Austrian, Vienna 1757-1821 Vienna). Date: ca.1516-1518, printed 1799. Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.

Technical collotype by an anonymous artist depicting King Ludwig of Hungary defeating the Turks, showing figures, military action, and historical context, created 1883 after original around 1520.

The Babylonian whore, prostitute, Babylon, ca. 600 BC, after an engraving by Albrecht Durer, historical, digitally restored reproduction of a model from the 19th century.

This woodcut by the Meister der Wunder von Mariazell depicts the salvation of a man who a hunter mistook for a bear, showing figures, forest setting, and dramatic action around 1520.

Joachim and the Angel, from The Life of the Virgin ca. 1504 Albrecht Dürer German. Joachim and the Angel, from The Life of the Virgin 387872

Der Schatzbehalter: Moses Found by Pharaoh's Daughter (recto), 1491. Michael Wolgemut (German, 1434-1519). Woodcut;

The Angel with the Key to the Bottomless Pit. Dated: 1498. Dimensions: image: 39.3 x 28.3 cm (15 1/2 x 11 1/8 in.) sheet: 46 x 31.2 cm (18 1/8 x 12 5/16 in.). Medium: woodcut on laid paper. Museum: National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. Author: ALBRECHT DURER.

Descent into Limbo. 1515. Altdorfer, Albrecht, approximately 1480-1538. Prints. The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection

Wittenberg, Cranach, Lucas (I), Pope and his retinue on horseback, The pope leaves a city on horseback, riding ahead of a ceremonial procession with his retinue of clergy including a bishop and cardinals. Two soldiers walk in front. In the background on the right, hell is depicted with the damned souls in the flames and above it three demons fly. Book illustration in a rectangular frame with fine ornaments. The print is printed with multiple woodblocks. At the top of the page is the half title of the publication: und Antichristi, at the bottom is the word Antichristus., print, book illustration, prints, height 119 mm, width 95 mm, height 185 mm, width 156 mm, German, 1472 - 1553-10-16, print maker, printmaker, 1521 - 1522, first quarter 16th century, paper, woodcut

The Dragon with two Horns and the Beast with Seven, from the Apocalypse. Artist: Jean Duvet (French, ca. 1485-after 1561). Dimensions: plate: 11 15/16 x 8 11/16 in. (30.4 x 22 cm)sheet: 12 1/4 x 8 15/16 in. (31.1 x 22.7 cm). Date: n.d.. Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.

Hercules Conquering the Molionide Twins 1496 Albrecht Dürer German. Hercules Conquering the Molionide Twins 388158

Two men kneel for a king, Anonymous, After Hans Holbein (II), 1522 print paper kneeling before a ruler

Albrecht Altdorfer, The Entry into Jerusalem, c 1513 The Entry into Jerusalem

Torture: throw it off a bridge and drop it in a well, Antonio Tuckesta, 1565 - 1630 print Numbered in the middle: 151. print maker: Italyafter own design by: Italypublisher: RomeVaticaanstad paper etching torture. violent death ~ maltreatment, torture

The Beast with Seven Heads and Ten Horns. Dated: 1546/1556. Medium: engraving. Museum: National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. Author: Jean Duvet.

The Lost Son As Pig Heard, Philips Galle, After Maarten Van Heemskerck, 1562 print The lost son has wasted his inheritance and works with a farmer as a pig herd. He kneels between the pigs and eats them together from the feeder. He can be seen praying in the back left. paper engraving the parable of the prodigal son (Luke 15:11-32). the prodigal son tends the swine and eats from their trough. the prodigal son repents his former life and prays

Woodcut by Albrecht Altdorfer from around 1513 depicting the crowning of Christ with a thread of thorns, showing figures and gestures.

The Betrayal of Christ. Artist: Léonard Limosin (ca. 1505-1575/1577). Dimensions: Sheet: 10 in. × 7 3/8 in. (25.4 × 18.7 cm). Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.

The Fall and Redemption of Man: The Flight into Egypt, c. 1515. Albrecht Altdorfer (German, c. 1480-1538). Woodcut;

Hans Holbein the Younger's woodcut 'The Fall' (c. 1525-1540) depicts the biblical story of Adam and Eve's temptation and expulsion from Eden, highlighting the consequences of disobedience.

St John Devouring the Book, from The Apocalypse Made 1496-1498 Germany. Woodcut in black on tan laid paper . Albrecht Dürer

The four riders of the Apocalypse, Albrecht Dürer, 1497 - 1498 print Four men on horseback, armed with a arrow and arch, a sword, a scale and a criek, people walk under their foot. Nuremberg paper the four horsemen of the Apocalypse

Revelation of St. John: Four Angels Holding up the Winds, 1511. Albrecht Dürer (German, 1471-1528). Woodcut;

Gabriel Salmon, French (active 1504-1542), Hercules Carrying Off the Cattle of Geryon, woodcut

Saint Christopher, c. 1509. Lucas Cranach (German, 1472-1553). Chiaroscuro woodcut;

The Life of the Virgin: Joachim and the Angel, c. 1504. Albrecht Dürer (German, 1471-1528). Woodcut;

Woodcut by Leonhard Beck, Figure 78 from Theuerdank (1517), showing Theuerdank dodging a cannonball while on horseback.

Artist: Hans Leonard Schaufelein, German, 1480-1538, Christ and theMagdalene, Woodcut, sheet: 8.5 × 18.4 cm (3 3/8 × 7 1/4in.), Made in Germany, German, 16thcentury, Works on Paper -Prints

Lucas Cranach the Elder, The Martyrdom of Saint Barbara The Martyrdom of Saint Barbara

Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae: Roman Horsemen Crossing a Bridge (from Trajan's Column). Artist: Marco Dente (Italian, Ravenna, active by 1515-died 1527 Rome). Dimensions: sheet: 11 5/8 x 14 1/2 in. (29.5 x 36.8 cm) trimmed to platemark. Publisher: Antonio Salamanca (Salamanca 1478-1562 Rome). Series/Portfolio: Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae. Date: 16th century.This print comes from the museum's copy of the Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae (The Mirror of Roman Magnificence) The Speculum found its origin in the publishing endeavors of Antonio Salamanca and Antonio Lafreri. During their Roman publishing careers, the two foreign publishers - who worked together between 1553 and 1563 - initiated the production of prints recording art works, architecture and city views related to Antique and Modern Rome. The prints could be bought individually by tourists and collectors, but were also purchased in larger groups which were often bound together in an album. In 1573, Lafreri commissioned a ti

The Fall and Redemption of Man: Chirst on the Mount of Olives, c. 1515. Albrecht Altdorfer (German, c. 1480-1538). Woodcut;

Pyramus and Thisbe.The dead pyramus with a knife in his belly, lying on the ground. Thisbe stands next to him, slightly over him with her hands together.

Hans Holbein the Younger, The Creation The Creation

A 1516 woodcut by Meister IS mit der Schaufel depicting Christ on the Mount of Olives, showing the figure of Christ in a detailed landscape composition with verso type pressure.

TheCalvary. Artist: Albrecht Dürer, German, 1471-1528

Lützelburger, Hans, Holbein, Hans (II), Dance of Death, Fall of Man, Adam picks an apple from the tree of knowledge and Eve sits under the tree with an apple in her hand. The snake coils around the tree trunk. In the margin above the picture is the text Gen. III., print, picture, book illustration, prints, pictures, height 65 mm, width 50 mm, German, 1498 - 1543-11-29, print maker, printmaker, 1524 - 1526, first quarter 16th century, second quarter 16th century, paper, woodcut, - 1526-06-23, block cutter, 1538 - 1538

Abraham's Sacrifice Albrecht Altdorfer German. Abraham's Sacrifice 395998

Egyptians drown in the Schelfzee, Virgilius Solis, 1552 print Nuremberg paper with his people safe on the shore, Moses raises his hands and causes the water to return; Pharaoh's army perishes in the water (Red Sea)

2: Dante Lost in the Wood: Escaping and Meeting Virgil, Canto I, 1481. Baccio Baldini (Italian, c. 1436-1487). Engraving;

Germany, Cranach, Lucas (I), Martyrdom of the Twelve Apostles, Martyrdom of Peter on the Cross, verso lower left - stamped, Peter is crucified with his head downwards, soldiers set the cross upright while others look on. At the top left are two shields with the Electoral and Ducal arms of Saxony., print, prent, prints, enten, height 162 mm, width 126 mm, German, 1472 - 1553-10-16, print maker, prentmaker, 1510 - 1514, first quarter 16th century, paper, papier, houtsnede

Hans Baldung Grien (German, 1484-1485 - 1545), The Lamentation, 1510, woodcut on laid paper

Construction of rolling work, worn by three on hands and feet -running saters, 1556 print At the lower level there are a saat and a bacchante, above that a god is surrounded by children. Leaf D from series of 12 magazines, numbered A-m with flat decorations of grotesken with rolling work, saters, garlands, trophies, animals and fantasy scenes. Netherlands (possibly) paper etching ornament ~ grotesque. satyr(s) (in general)

Specklin, Veit Rudolf, Holbein, Hans (II), Erection of the Brazen Serpent, The discontented Israelites are punished with a plague of poisonous snakes. They lie on the ground, bitten by the snakes. Moses and Aaron stand to the right of a tau-shaped pole with a brazen serpent which would heal the people again. In the margin above the image is the text Nvmeri XXI., print, book illustration, prints, images, height 60 mm, width 85 mm, height 84 mm, width 98 mm, German, 1498 - 1543-11-29, print maker, printmaker, 1538 - 1538, second quarter 16th century, paper, woodcut, French - 1550, block cutter

The Ship of Fools by Sebastian Brant, 1494, late medieval moral satire. Of the Antichrist, Apostle Peter pulls the boat with the righteous ashore, the fools of faith steer towards the Antichrist, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original

St. John the Baptist and St. Onuphrius, c. 1504, Albrecht Dürer, German, 1471-1528, 8 3/8 x 5 1/2 in. (21.27 x 13.97 cm) (image), Woodcut, Germany, 15th-16th century

Karavaan van Travelers, Pieter Coecke van Aelst (I), 1553 print Printed from two blocks on two sheets, attached to each other. Second and third block of fourteen who together form a Frisian of seven images with the morals and customs of the Turks. Left soldiers at a campfire, on the right caravan of travelers with mules and women. Two scenes separated by a caratide. Low Countries paper Asiatic races and peoples: Turks. mule. caryatids ~ architecture

Hans Süss von Kulmbach, Apollo and Daphne, published 1502 Apollo and Daphne

Illustration at Canto IV of Tasso's 'Gerusalemme Liberata', Antonio Tempesta, 1565 - 1630 print Idraote is at Armida and Satan in front of the Hellepoort. In the background on the left, Armida is in the camp of the Christian fighters. Italian verses by Tasso in two columns in Submarge. paper etching (scenes from) specific works of literature: Tasso, Gerusalemme Liberata. knight. militant proselytizing: religious war, crusade, etc.. devil(s) and demons: Satan

'doit faucher et fener par plaisir...' a time to reap and a time to gather Date: 16th century

The Four Horsemen, from The Apocalypse, Latin Edition, 1511 ca. 1511 Albrecht Dürer German. The Four Horsemen, from The Apocalypse, Latin Edition, 1511 388822

Two young men in a crowned man, Anonymous, Hans Weiditz (II), 1514 - 1532 print Print is part of an album. paper letterpress printing Good and Bad Behaviour, Moral Qualities. correction of naughty children

Copper engraving by Jean Duvet, 1546-1555, depicting the Babylonian whore, showing figure, attire, gestures, and symbolic elements in the scene.

Clair-obscur woodcut by Hans Wechtlin, circa 1510-1512, depicting Alcon freeing his son, printed in two beige plates, illustrating mythological figures and action.

Knight with Death, Anonymous, Hans Holbein (II), After 1547 print paper dance of Death; Death together with one or more human beings

An Allegory of a Rich Man and a Poor Man (Der Lustige Arme und der Traurige Reiche). Artist: Christoph Murer (Swiss, Zurich 1558-1614 Winterthur). Dimensions: sheet: 10 3/16 x 8 3/8 in. (25.8 x 21.2 cm)plate: 9 15/16 x 8 in. (25.2 x 20.3 cm)image: 9 5/8 x 7 11/16 in. (24.5 x 19.6 cm). Date: 1596. Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.

Knight of Malta. Dated: 1619. Medium: engraving. Museum: National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. Author: Jacques Callot after Antonio Circignani.

Antwerp, Woons, Cornelis, Sallaert, Antoine, Jegher, Jan Christoffel, Weeping women during the carrying of the cross, verso lower left - stamped, print, book illustration, prints, verso - stamped, height 89 mm, width 62 mm, 1618-11-03 - 1667-09-18, print maker, printmaker, 1649 - 1649, paper, woodcut, letterpress printing, Work conception, Southern Netherlands, 1585 - 1650, after a design by, Publication (Event), Publication, publisher

Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528). "Hercules winner of Cacus; Barsch B127". Wood engraving, around 1496. Museum of Fine Arts of the city of Paris, Petit Palais. Hitting, giant, wood engraving, massage, half-man half-satyr, Greek mythology, mythological character, killing, winner

The Flight into Egypt 17th century probably Spanish. The Flight into Egypt 207531

Knight and Lady. Medium: engraving. Museum: National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. Author: Master NS.

Albrecht Altdorfer (German, 1480 or before - 1538), Annunciation to Joachim, c. 1513, woodcut

Lucas Cranach the Elder (German, 1472-1553). Temptation of St. Anthony, 1506. Woodcut. Second of two states.

Nehushan, Anonymous, Hans Holbein (II), 1552 print Israeliten were punished by poisonous strokes but would be cured if they were to look at Nehushtan, the copper snake that was founded on a pole. paper anyone who is bitten by a snake is cured by looking at the brazen serpent; the serpent (or dragon) is usually depicted on a tau-shaped cross or on a pillar

Pharoah and His Host Perishing in the Red Sea (verso); The Freeing of King Joachim of Jerusalem (recto), pages 56 and 55, from the Treasury (Schatzbehalter) Made 1491 Germany. Water figured prominently in Old Testament narratives, particularly those involving the prophet Moses, who famously struck water from a rock. As an infant, Mosesís mother set him in a basket among the bulrushes of the Nile River, hoping he would be adopted by Egyptian royalty. As an adult he led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and famously performed the miracle of parting the Red Sea. In this chaotic woodcut, the Israelites have just evaded the Pharaohís army by walking across the dry seabed. When the army entered the watery passage however, the walls collapsed, and the men drowned.. Woodcut in black on cream laid paper . Michel Wolgemut

Jacques Callot (1592-1635). "The paintings of Rome, the Paradise". Chisel. 1608-1611. Museum of Fine Arts of the City of Paris, Petit Palais. 99593-29 Burin, Gravure

Netherlands, Master of the Virgo inter Virgines, Master of the Delbecq-Schreiber Passion, Master of Delft, Christ healing the servant of the centurion of Capernaum, Christ speaking to three men. In the background the healed servant of the centurion of Capernaum rises from his bed., print, book illustration, prints, height 176 mm, width 143 mm, Northern Netherlands, unknown, 1480 - 1500, fourth quarter 15th century, first quarter 16th century, paper, woodcut, Southern Netherlands

Antwerp, Woons, Cornelis, Sallaert, Antoine, Jegher, Jan Christoffel, Christ succumbs for the third time during the carrying of the cross, verso lower left - stamped, Surrounded by soldiers, Christ succumbs for the third time under the weight of the cross., print, book illustration, prints, height 88 mm, width 60 mm, 1618-11-03 - 1667-09-18, print maker, printmaker, 1649 - 1649, paper, woodcut, letterpress printing, Work conception, South Netherlands, 1585 - 1650, after a design by, Publication (Event), Publication, publisher

Fight between Lapithen and Centaurs, left part; Centauromachie, left plate; Pugna Inter Centauros and Lapithas in Nuptijs Hippodamiæ (...). Gruesome struggle between the centaurs and the Lapithen. The Lapithen celebrate the wedding of their king pirithoes and hippodamea. The centaurs that have been invited to start a bloody battle and try to kidnap the bride. Everything one can get in hands is used as a weapon. Many centaurs are killed with spears.

The History of Adam and Eve. 1580. Amman, Jost, 1539-1591. Prints. The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection

Albrecht Dürer (German, 1471 - 1528), Saint John the Baptist and Saint Onuphrius, c. 1504, woodcut on laid paper

Four riders from the Apocalypse, Jean Duvet, 1495 - 1561 print The four riders from the Apocalypse: victory with crown and bow and arrow, war with a raised sword, hunger waves with a scales and death with a trident. They trample people. Fourth print from a series of 23 with the revelations of Johannes. France paper engraving the four horsemen of the Apocalypse

Cupido on a goat with two satyrs, Zoan Andrea (Attributed to), After Zoan Andrea, 1475 - 1520 print Italy paper engraving cupids: 'amores', 'amoretti', 'putti'. satyr(s) (in general). goat

This 1510-1527 copper engraving depicts Tarpeia and the Sabines, illustrating Roman history, Renaissance narrative engraving, and early 16th-century Italian printmaking.

A Boy on Horseback, 1506. Lucas Cranach (German, 1472-1553). Woodcut;

Angels Restraining the Four Winds n.d. Albrecht Dürer German. Angels Restraining the Four Winds 387458

Woodcut by Hans Holbein the Younger depicting a monk, created around 1525-1540.

Picture cycle The Apocalypse, the battle of the angels, woodcut by Albrecht Duerer, historical, digital improved reproduction of an old woodcut

Vulcanus forges arrows and wings for amor in the presence of Venus.

Lucas Cranach the Elder, Saint Christopher, 1506 Saint Christopher

Le Jugment deniener (Bartsch 124) Hans Baldung (Grien, 1484-1545). The Last Judgment (Bartsch 124). 1510-1520.

Netherlands, Master of the Virgo inter Virgines, Master of the Delbecq-Schreiber Passion, Master of Delft, Christ among the Scribes, Printed from three blocks. Christ sits on a dais. Scribes with books in their hands around him. Architectural ornamentation to the left and right of the representation., print, engraving, book illustration, prints, engravings, height 107 mm, width 144 mm, Northern Netherlands, unknown, 1480 - 1500, fourth quarter 15th century, first quarter 16th century, paper, papier, houtcut, Southern Netherlands

Battle scene. unknown c. 1660-1680 Tapestry Materials/Techniques: unknown Culture: Flemish Weaving Center: Brussels Ownership History: French & Co. Inscriptions: Inscription in upper border cartouche, in center: SCHYTARVM / REX A CYRO / CAPITVR King Cyrus attacks soldier (L, foreground); soldier fights back (R, foreground); battle scene (L & R, background) (BRD) garlands of flowers & fruit with martial trophies (shields, suits of armor, helmets, quivers of arrows), putti & ribbons; (UPR BRD) central cartouche with inscription No French & Co. stock sheet in archive, no stock number Related Works: Panels in set: GCPA 0184313-0184315, 0240892

Vellert, Dirck, The drunken drummer, verso lower left - stamped, Drummer with left foot on drum and can with drink in right hand., print, prints, height 94 mm, width 58 mm, South Netherlands, 1485 - 1547, print maker, printmaker, 1525-03-08 - 1525-03-08, second quarter 16th century, paper, papier, etching, etchings

Paul's flight from Damascus. Paul escaped the city of Damascus at night. He is lowered from the city wall with a basket and then pulls away on foot. The print is part of an album.

Lützelburger, Hans, Holbein, Hans (II), Dance of Death, Pope and Death, The Pope sits on his throne on the left and crowns the emperor who kneels before him and kisses his foot. Death stands directly next to the throne. Death is also on the right among the clergy who are witnesses to the coronation. In the margin above the print is the text Psal. CVIII., print, book illustration, prints, height 65 mm, width 50 mm, German, 1498 - 1543-11-29, print maker, printmaker, 1524 - 1526, first quarter 16th century, second quarter 16th century, paper, woodcut, - 1526-06-23, block cutter, 1538 - 1538

Torture, Throw from a bridge and drop into a well, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original.

Dido Killing Herself Albrecht Altdorfer German. Dido Killing Herself. Albrecht Altdorfer (German, Regensburg ca. 1480-1538 Regensburg). Engraving. Prints

Illustration from 'Torturalis quaestio', 1593. Additional, Torturalis quaestio, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1593., 1593. Woodcuts., 3 11/16 x 5 3/8 in. (9.3 x 13.6 cm); Paper / Sheet 3 13/16 x 5 7/16 in. (9.7 x 13.8 cm). Stamped in black ink, verso DUYCKINK COLLEC'N Evert Augustus Duyckinck (Lugt 711). Cream laid

Saint Eustace ca. 1501 Albrecht Dürer German Dürer's largest engraving depicts the moment of conversion of a Roman general named Placidus. While hunting, Placidus saw a crucifix miraculously appearing between a stag's antlers. The stag spoke in Christ's voice, and Placidus fell from his horse and became a Christian baptized with the name Eustace. The print has long been admired as an exemplar of Dürer's extraordinary virtuosity; the animals and features of the landscape served as models for artists for the following century.. Saint Eustace 336232

Plate 5: figures unloading goods from a boat at the right. Artist: After Polidoro da Caravaggio (Italian, Caravaggio ca. 1499-ca. 1543 Messina); Pietro Santi Bartoli (Italian, Perugia 1615-1700 Rome). Dimensions: Sheet: 6 9/16 in. × 18 in. (16.6 × 45.7 cm). Publisher: Giovanni Giacomo De Rossi (Italian, Rome 1627-1691 Rome). Date: ca. 1660-90. Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.

French early 16th century, "Do Not Eat Your Heart out", c. 1512-1515, pen and brown ink with watercolor on laid paper

The Old Man. Death, depicted as a skeleton playing a musical instrument, accompanies an old man to his grave. Facsimile of an engraving, belonging to the series "The Dance of Death" by Hans Holbein the Younger, in "Les Simulachres et Histoires facees de la Mort", 1538. "Vie Militaire et Religieuse au Moyen Age et a l'Epoque de la Renaissance". Paris, 1877.

Frontispiece to the Georgicis, The Georgica is a didactic poem in four books written by Publius Vergilius Maro, Vergil, between 37 and 29 BC, Historical, digitally restored reproduction of a 19th century original, original date unknown

Historic print, woodcut from 1523, front page by Hans Sachs, 1494 - 1576, a Nuremberg poet, playwright and Meistersinger, from Bildatlas zur Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalliteratur, an illustrated atlas by Gustav Koennecke, 1887

Lamentation of Christ. Draughtsman: Jacob de Gheyn (II). Dating: 1620 - 1625. Measurements: h 251 mm × w 194 mm. Museum: Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.

A woodcut and type print by Lucas Cranach the Elder from 1522 depicting the Whore of Babylon from Revelation 17, showing figure, throne, and symbolic elements.

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