Ancient Egyptian Tombs and Hieroglyphs

Depictions of wall paintings and hieroglyphs inside ancient Egyptian tombs, showcasing rich colors and historical significance from the Valley of the Kings.

Ritual carvings in the Karnak temple with destruction of the central human figure Ritual carvings in the Karnak temple with destruction of the central human figure copyright: xzoonar.com/stevenxheapx 22802502

Tomb of Ramesses III, Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC and is considered to be the last monarch of the New Kingdom to wield any substantial authority over Egypt. Tomb KV11 is located in the main valley of the Valley of the Kings. The tomb has been open since antiquity, and has been known variously as Bruce's Tomb (named after James Bruce who entered the tomb in 1768) and The Harper's Tomb (due to paintings of two blind harpers in the tomb).

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty - the Ramesside period

A photograph taken within Tomb KV8, located in the Valley of the Kings, used for the burial of Pharaoh Merenptah of Ancient Egypt's Nineteenth Dynasty. Merneptah or Merenptah (reigned July or August 1213 BC - May 2, 1203 BC) was the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt.

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V, who died in 1145 BC. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty, the Ramesside period.

Egypt, Thebes, Luxor. Valley of the Kings, Tomb of Tutankhamen, mural paintings of pharaoh receiving symbol of eternal life 'ankh' from sky goddess Hathor in presence of Anubis, from 18th dynasty

Ritual carvings in the Karnak temple with destruction of the central human figure Ritual carvings in the Karnak temple with destruction of the central human figure copyright: xzoonar.com/stevenxheapx 22802502

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty - the Ramesside period 1145 BC

A photograph taken of the temple of Hathor and Nefertari, also known as the Small Temple. The temple was built about one hundred meters northeast of the temple of Pharaoh Ramesses II and dedicated to the goddess Hathor and Ramesses II's chief consort, Nefertari, circa 1255 BC. Nefertari, also known as Nefertari Meritmut, was an Egyptian queen and the first of the Great Royal Wives (or principal wives) of Ramesses the Great.

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V, who died in 1145 BC. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty, the Ramesside period.

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty - the Ramesside period

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty - the Ramesside period

Ancient Egyptian Funerary Text, Ancient Egypt

ritual ritual, Gregorian Egyptian Museumn Musei Vaticani, State of the Vatican City, Roma, Lazio, Italia Copyright: xZoonar.com/BartomeuxBalaguerxRotgerx 21377953

A photograph taken within Tomb KV8, located in the Valley of the Kings, used for the burial of Pharaoh Merenptah of Ancient Egypt's Nineteenth Dynasty. Merneptah or Merenptah (reigned July or August 1213 BC - May 2, 1203 BC) was the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt.

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty - the Ramesside period 1145 BC

Tomb of Ramesses III, Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC and is considered to be the last monarch of the New Kingdom to wield any substantial authority over Egypt. Tomb KV11 is located in the main valley of the Valley of the Kings. The tomb has been open since antiquity, and has been known variously as Bruce's Tomb (named after James Bruce who entered the tomb in 1768) and The Harper's Tomb (due to paintings of two blind harpers in the tomb).

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V, who died in 1145 BC. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty, the Ramesside period.

Hieroglyphs on a plate as a relief, message, drawing, Egyptian, kingdom, antiquity, world history, history, tradition, culture, cultural history, stone, sign, language, sculpture, tomb, Cairo, Egypt, Africa

Egyptian art. Egypt. Baba, daughter of the priest of Amun Bes-n-Mut, praying to the sun gods Atum (left) and Re-Harakhte. Funerary stela of wood. Luxor, Late Period, 650-640 BC. Detail. National Museum of Denmark.

Egypt, Nile River, Near Luxor, Valley Of The Nobles, Tomb Of Ramose, Funeral Procession

Book of the Dead or Papyrus of Any. ca. 1275 BC. 19th Dynasty. Scene from the dead judgement before the presence of Osiris. Egyptian art. New Kingdom. Painting. UNITED KINGDOM. ENGLAND. London. The British Museum. Proc: EGYPT. QUENA. Luxor. Thebes.

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty - the Ramesside period 1145 BC

Egypt Ancient bes, Luxor, Valley of Kings, Tomb of Ramses III, Fresco depicting mourning women

Reneni fue Nomarca de la ciudad de Nejeb durante el reinado de Amenhotep I y también Supervisor de los sacerdotes de la diosa Nejbet.

Tomb of Ramesses III, Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC and is considered to be the last monarch of the New Kingdom to wield any substantial authority over Egypt. Tomb KV11 is located in the main valley of the Valley of the Kings. The tomb has been open since antiquity, and has been known variously as Bruce's Tomb (named after James Bruce who entered the tomb in 1768) and The Harper's Tomb (due to paintings of two blind harpers in the tomb).

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V, who died in 1145 BC. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty, the Ramesside period.

A photograph taken of the temple of Hathor and Nefertari, also known as the Small Temple. The temple was built about one hundred meters northeast of the temple of Pharaoh Ramesses II and dedicated to the goddess Hathor and Ramesses II's chief consort, Nefertari, circa 1255 BC. Nefertari, also known as Nefertari Meritmut, was an Egyptian queen and the first of the Great Royal Wives (or principal wives) of Ramesses the Great.

Reneni fue Nomarca de la ciudad de Nejeb durante el reinado de Amenhotep I y también Supervisor de los sacerdotes de la diosa Nejbet.

Contemporary papyrus depicting the ancient Egyptian mummification ritual for a pharaoh. Anubis holds the coffin while attendants make offerings

Tomb of Pashedu, TT3, Deir el-Medina Tombs Worker Tombs, Thebes, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Luxor, Egypt, North Africa, Africa Copyright: RichardxMaschmeyer 801-3876 Editorial Use Only

Tomb of Ramesses III, Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC and is considered to be the last monarch of the New Kingdom to wield any substantial authority over Egypt. Tomb KV11 is located in the main valley of the Valley of the Kings. The tomb has been open since antiquity, and has been known variously as Bruce's Tomb (named after James Bruce who entered the tomb in 1768) and The Harper's Tomb (due to paintings of two blind harpers in the tomb).

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty - the Ramesside period 1145 BC

Nekhtamun, Deir el Medina. baboon god. 19th Dyn. EGYPT.

SONY DSC Reneni fue Nomarca de la ciudad de Nejeb durante el reinado de Amenhotep I y también Supervisor de los sacerdotes de la diosa Nejbet.

Papyrus from 'Book of the Dead' depicting weighing of souls,

RELIEVES COLOREADOS - FOTO AÑOS 80. Location: TEMPLO DE SETHI I. ABIDOS. EGYPT.

Worship of Ra in the west, Litany of Ra. Papyrus. Third Intermediate Period. 21st Dynasty. 1075-946 BC. Thebes, Egypt. Neues Museum. Berlin. Germany.

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty - the Ramesside period 1145 BC

Image of God Anubis, Wall Paintings, Tomb of Menna, TT69, Tombs of the Nobles, Ancient Thebes, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Luxor, Egypt, North Africa, Africa Copyright: RichardxMaschmeyer 801-4030

Tomb of Ramesses III, Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC and is considered to be the last monarch of the New Kingdom to wield any substantial authority over Egypt. Tomb KV11 is located in the main valley of the Valley of the Kings. The tomb has been open since antiquity, and has been known variously as Bruce's Tomb (named after James Bruce who entered the tomb in 1768) and The Harper's Tomb (due to paintings of two blind harpers in the tomb).

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty - the Ramesside period 1145 BC

Page from the Book of the Dead of Hunefer, from Thebes, Egypt, 19th Dynasty, c1300 BC. Artist: Unknown

Partial of the Book of the Dead of Any, showing the ba-spirits of he and his wife, from Thebes. Dated 13th Century BC

Tomb of Pashedu, TT3, Deir el-Medina Tombs (Worker Tombs), Thebes, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Luxor, Egypt, North Africa, Africa

Tumba de Tutankamon replica.

Book of the Dead. Judgement from scribe Hunefer. 19th dynasty. 1300 BCE. Thoth, Hunefer and Horus. British Museum. London.

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V, who died in 1145 BC. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty, the Ramesside period.

Wall frieze depicting a sacred ceremonial procession, from the tomb of Horemheb, Valley of the Kings, Thebes, Egypt. Horemheb was the last pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from either 1319 BC to late 1292 BC, or 1306 to late 1292 BC

Egypt Luxor Temple Throne Of Ramessess II

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V, who died in 1145 BC. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty, the Ramesside period.

Egyptian history concept with papyrus

SONY DSC Reneni fue Nomarca de la ciudad de Nejeb durante el reinado de Amenhotep I y también Supervisor de los sacerdotes de la diosa Nejbet.

Detail of ancient Book of the Dead (1070 BC), Thebes - Egypt

Wall frieze depicting a sacred ceremonial procession, from the tomb of Horemheb, Valley of the Kings, Thebes, Egypt. Horemheb was the last pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from either 1319 BC to late 1292 BC, or 1306 to late 1292 BC

Book of the Dead Papyrus with Chapters 100 and 129 664-30 B.C. Late Period-Ptolemaic Period This small papyrus features Book of the Dead spells 100 and 129, each accompanied by a large vignette.On the top are the text and vignette for spell 129. At the left of the vignette is the god Osiris holding a was-scepter; behind him stands a large djed-pillar. In front of the god is an offering table with food topped by a large lotus flower. Farther to the right is a long and low rectangle, which is presumably depicting water; on top of it are two boats. In the left one is the phoenix, while five deities stand in the right one.The lower part of the papyrus features spell 100. This time, Osiris is depicted on the right side, again with a djed-pillar behind him. In front of the god is the emblem for the east, and to the left of this is a boat being punted by a woman (the deceased) with a long oar. Behind her sits the sun god and then the phoenix. For more information, please see the curatorial in

Egypt

EGYPT, NILE RIVER, NEAR LUXOR, VALLEY OF THE NOBLES, TOMB OF RAMOSE, WOMEN MOURNING

Book of the Dead of priest Hornedjitef, agricultural work in Afterlife

Tomb of Pashedu, TT3, Deir el-Medina Tombs (Worker Tombs), Thebes, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Luxor, Egypt, North Africa, Africa

Scenes from the Tomb of Nebamun, a middle-ranking official scribe and grain accountant of the New Kingdom. Dated 1700 BC

Stela of the Gods-Father of Amun Pakeshi 525 B.C

Abydos, Egypt, Niche Africa located between two chapels in the Temple of Sethi Ier , 1914 - Egypt - Auguste Léon - (January -February) (French - Abydos , Egypte , Afrique Niche située entre deux chapelles dans le temple de Sethi Ier). Temple, archaeological vestige, bas-relief, painted decor, Egyptian polytheism, religious architecture, Habitat , Architecture , Religion, Egypt, Abydos, one of the niches. (Temple of Sethos 1st)

Wall painting of the God Anubis performing the Opening the Mouth Ritual on Pharaoh, Tomb of Nebenmaat, TT219, Deir el-Medina Tombs (Worker Tombs), Thebes, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Luxor, Egypt, North Africa, Africa

Funerary papyrus, 1070-712 BCE, 9 5/8 x 39 3/16 in. (24.4 x 99.5 cm), Papyrus, Egypt, 11th-8th century BCE, Funerary papyri like this one, containing potent magical images, were placed in tombs to enable the deceased to be reborn in the afterlife as a god. On the right side of the divided papyrus, the priest Djedkhonsuiufankh (pronounced 'jed-CON-su-yu-eff-ONK' and meaning 'the god Khonsu says he shall live') raises his hands in adoration and offers burning incense to the god Osiris. Because he is a priest, his head is shaved and he wears immaculate white linen garments. Osiris appears in the form of a mummy; his black skin color refers to the fertile black Nile river mud with its promise of new life. Between them is a table heaped high with funerary offerings: loaves of bread, onions, a bunch of grapes, and three lotus flowers.

Templo de Karnak. Capilla roja de Hasetsup.

Egyptian hieroglyphs seamless pattern vector image

Tomb of Pashedu, TT3, Deir el-Medina Tombs Worker Tombs, Thebes, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Luxor, Egypt, North Africa, Africa Copyright: RichardxMaschmeyer 801-3879 Editorial Use Only

God relief in the Hypostyle Hall, Temple of Horus, Temple of Edfu, Edfu, Egypt, Africa

Painted Stela of a woman named Tjentdiashakhet 680 B.C. The deceased woman is before an offering-table and the sun-god Ra- Horakhty.

Papyrus from the Book of the Dead illustrating weighing of the heart, Thebes, Egypt. Dated 1275 B.C.

Grand Procession. Part I. From a Tomb at Thebes.. Illustrations. 1835. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division

guardian figure of a god from the Coffin of Djedjehutyiuefankh, from the Great temple at Deir el Bahri, Thebes; Egypt. Dated to 25th Dynasty circa 770-712 BC

Reneni fue Nomarca de la ciudad de Nejeb durante el reinado de Amenhotep I y también Supervisor de los sacerdotes de la diosa Nejbet.

Funeral procession to Ramose's tomb, mourners, watching the procession, scattering ashes over their heads, weeping, lamenting, tears running down their cheeks, tomb of Ramose, tombs of the nobles, Luxor, Thebes West, Egypt, Luxor, Thebes, West, Egypt, Africa

Tumba de Paheri. Paheri era el nieto de Ahmose hijo de Ebana, y sirvió bajo las órdenes de Tutmosis III. Ostentó varios cargos, fue Intendente de Nekheb, así como Escriba de Amon, Tutor del Príncipe, y Jefe de los sacerdotes de la diosa Nejbet, entre otros.

In September 2018, Egypt's Ministry of Antiquities, announced the discovery of an 18th dynasty tomb, in Draa Abul-Naga, a burial site for noblemen on the left bank of the Nile, near the Valley of the Kings. the tomb contains mummies believed to be a goldsmith called Amenemhat, who lived sometime between 1550 B.C. to 1292 B.C. The burial chamber has a niche at one end, which holds a statue of Amenemhat who sits on a chair next to his wife, Amenhotep. The Eighteenth Dynasty dates back to the 13th century BC, a period noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs, including Tutankhamen and Ramses II. The chamber has two burial shafts. In one, archaeologists found sarcophagi and remains dating from the later 21st and 22nd Dynasties. Those included the remains of a woman and her two grown children. She showed signs of bacterial bone disease and cavities. The other shaft contains funerary masks and statues depicting the goldsmith's family. The tomb hoses deteriorated mummies with their skul

The tomb lord Ramose during a purification ritual performed by two priests, Tomb of Ramose, Tombs of the Nobles, Luxor, Thebes West, Egypt, Luxor, Thebes, West, Egypt, Africa

A photograph taken of Tomb WV23, in the Valley of the Kings, was the final resting place of Pharaoh Ay of the 18th Dynasty. Discovered by Giovanni Battista Belzoni in the winter of 1816, its structure is similar to that of the tomb of Akhenaten, with a straight undecorated, descending corridor, leading to a "well chamber" that has no shaft. The passage leads to the burial chamber, which currently contains the reconstructed sarcophagus. Ay was the penultimate Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt's 18th dynasty. He held the throne of Egypt for a brief four-year period (probably 1323-1319 BC or 1327-1323 BC

Necropolis of Thèbes, Egypt, Africa Funeral Corp In the tomb of Ramose , 1914 - Egypt - Auguste Léon - (January -February) (French - Nécropole de Thèbes , Egypte , Afrique Cortège funéraire dans la tombe de Ramose). Tomb, archaeological vestige, funeral architecture, painted decor, Egyptian polytheism, hieroglyph, Habitat , Architecture , Religion, Egypt, necropic of Thèbes, tomb n ° 51 (sh el-gourna) of Queen Eset.

Egyptian history concept with papyrus

Stela of Saiah ca. 825-712 B.C. Third Intermediate Period This is one of four stelae found near the doorway of the brick chapel of the family of Saiah, a wab, or purification priest of Amun who lived during the latter half of the 22nd Dynasty. The original tomb in whose courtyard this chapel was built dates to the 11th Dynasty, over a millennium earlier. All of the stelae are made of wood, painted in green, red, yellow and black on a white gesso ground.Inscribed for Saiah himself, this stela is painted on both sides. On the front, the deceased, to viewer right, presents a heart-shaped object to a figure of the falcon-headed god Re-Harakhty-Atum, who sits on a cubic throne atop a reed mat. Before the god is a table piled high with offerings, and standing behind him is the goddess of the West, Imentet. In the lunette of the stela is a winged sun disk, two wedjat eyes (eyes of Horus), and two shen rings, symbols of eternity. The inscription above the offering table asks that Re-Harakhty-A

Wooden box used in an Egyptian tomb, as container for the internal organs during the Ptolemaic Period (302-30 BC). Richly decorated with religious motifs with several amulets between them. (wedjat-eyes,the dyed pillar, the Isis knot, the symbol of Ufe the ankh or the uas sceptre).

Iran, Persepolis, Apadana Staircase, Carving, King'S New Year'S Reception: Ionians

Painted stela of Djedbastet ca. 825-712 B.C. Third Intermediate Period This stela is one of four found near the doorway of a brick chapel built during the 22nd Dynasty (ca. 800 B.C.) in the courtyard of a usurped tomb of Dynasty 11 (ca. 2050 B.C.). The painted panels belong to family members and associates of a wab (purification) priest named Siah. All of the stelae are painted in green, red, yellow and black on a white ground.Here Djedbastet, son of Penby, raises his arms in adoration before the falcon-headed Re-Harakhty-Atum. The inscription identifies him as a wab priest of Amun and a Scribe of the House of the Divine Votaress of Amun. Djedbastet's relationship to the Siah family is not clear. Note the offering stand between the two figures, which is almost identical to that seen on another of the stelae from this chapel (see 22.3.32).The back of the stela is undecorated.. Painted stela of Djedbastet 550808

Tomb of Ramesses III, Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC and is considered to be the last monarch of the New Kingdom to wield any substantial authority over Egypt. Tomb KV11 is located in the main valley of the Valley of the Kings. The tomb has been open since antiquity, and has been known variously as Bruce's Tomb (named after James Bruce who entered the tomb in 1768) and The Harper's Tomb (due to paintings of two blind harpers in the tomb).

Tomb of Kar- high reliefs of various ages from top official - and Idu - his son , The Giza Necropolis, Cairo, Egypt, Africa.

Tomb KV9 in Egypt's Valley of the Kings was originally constructed by Pharaoh Ramesses V. He was interred here, but his uncle, Ramesses VI, later reused the tomb as his own. The layout is typical of the 20th dynasty - the Ramesside period 1145 BC

Priest dressed in leopard skin, perform purification rites. Wall painting from the Theban Tomb of Userhat, the Royal Scribe. It forms part of the Theban Necropolis, situated on the west bank of the Nile opposite Luxor. The tomb is the burial place of Userhat an Ancient Egyptian official, during the 18th dynasty king Amenhotep II

A photograph taken within Tomb KV8, located in the Valley of the Kings, used for the burial of Pharaoh Merenptah of Ancient Egypt's Nineteenth Dynasty. Merneptah or Merenptah (reigned July or August 1213 BC - May 2, 1203 BC) was the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt.

SONY DSC Reneni fue Nomarca de la ciudad de Nejeb durante el reinado de Amenhotep I y también Supervisor de los sacerdotes de la diosa Nejbet.

Detail from an Egyptian papyrus showing a game of draughts. Artist: Unknown

A feast for Nebamun. An entire wall of the tomb-chapel showed a feast in honour of Nebamun. Naked serving girls and servants wait on his friends and relatives. Married guests sit in pairs on fine chars, while the young women turn and talk to each other. This erotic scene of relaxation and wealth is something for Nebamun to enjoy for all eternity. The richly dressed guests are entertained by dancers and musicians, who sit on the ground playing and clapping. Thebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, around 1350 BC

Egipto. Tumba 133 Nefer Rompet.

Funerary stele of the priest Hor depicted presenting offerings to two manifestations of the sun god. From the 7th-6th century.

Egyptian history concept with papyrus

Statues in the Great Temple of Pharaoh Ramses II, Abu Simbel, Egypt, Africa

Book of the Dead of priest Hornedjitef, homage to sun god Ra

Tomb of Ounsou. Offerings of corn, animals birds & fruit. 18th Dynasty. Thebes. Egypt.

Painted funerary cloth of a woman named Asetnefret 19th-20th Dynasties, about 1295-1070 BC. The dead woman, seated at right, sniffs a lotus flower while receiving a libation from her daughter

Sarcophagus of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, Tomb of Tutankhamun (King Tut), KV62, Valley of the Kings, Ancient Thebes, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Luxor, Egypt, North Africa, Africa

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