Ancient Roman Denarius Coins

A series of ancient Roman denarius coins featuring prominent emperors, showcasing intricate profiles and historical inscriptions from various eras of Roman history.

denarius; 198-202 (177-00-00-177-00-00);
denarius; 198-202 (177-00-00-177-00-00);
A circumstantial penny for Prince Legnica Zofia El Jerzy Rudolf (KSI  Legnica-Brzeski; 1595-1653); 1622 (1622-00-00-1622-00-00);R5 (rarity), Zofia Elżbieta von Anhalt (Princess Legnicka - 1589-1622), Dar (provenance), Duchy of Anhalt (coat of arms), posthumous coin, occasional coins, inscriptions, occasional inscriptions, multiple coat of arms (iconogr.), Shields, shields, shields, coat of armsdenarius; Kommodus (161-192; Roman emperor 177-192); 181-182 (181-00-00-182-00-00);denarius; Boles Aw III Krzywousty (Ksi  Polish; 1107-1138); around 1125-1138 (1125-00-00-1138-00-00);Bolesław III Krzywousty (Polish Prince-1086-1138), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980)-collection, Wojciech (Saint-Ca. 956-997), allegories, spear cave (sign emissions), chain mail (iconogr.), Chaincias, isosceles (iconogr.), Crosses, martyrs, mouth (iconogr.), Laws, Romanesque (Style), Knight (iconogr.), Knights, Dragon (iconogr.), Dragons , struggle of good with evil (iconogr.), Fight with pagans (iconogr.), Spear (iconogr.), Spears, Middle Ages (era)denarius; Julia Domna (Ca 160-217; Roman Empress 193-211); 198-209 (177-00-00-177-00-00);denarius; Trajan (53-117; Roman emperor 98-117); 103-111 (103-00-00-111-00-00);heads, prisoners, shields, laurel wreathsdenarius; 98-99 (98-00-00-99-00-00);Abundantia with the cornucopia (iconogr.), Rome (Italy), Trajan (Roman emperor - 53-117), Trajan (Roman emperor - 53-117) - iconography, Horns of abundancedupondius/as; Lucius Werus (130-169; Roman emperor 161-169), Lucylla (149-182; Roman Empress 164-169); 164-169 (164-00-00-169-00-00);denarius; Trajan (53-117; Roman emperor 98-117); 100 (100-00-00-100-00-00);Victoria (personification), heads, abundance horns, laurel wreathsdenarius; Hadrian (76-138; Roman emperor 117-138); 134-138 (134-00-00-138-00-00);Providentia (personification), scepters, globes, headsdenarius; Trajan (53-117; Roman emperor 98-117); 112-117 (112-00-00-114-00-00);Jupiter (mitol.), Step, heads, laurel wreathsdenarius; Hadrian (76-138; Roman emperor 117-138); 119-122 (118-00-00-118-00-00);Libertas (personification), branches, busts, laurel wreathsdenarius; Boles Aw III Krzywousty (Ksi  Polish; 1107-1138); around 1125-1138 (1125-00-00-1138-00-00);Bolesław III Krzywousty (Polish Prince-1086-1138), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980)-collection, Wojciech (Saint-Ca. 956-997), allegories, spear cave (sign emissions), chain mail (iconogr.), Chaincias, isosceles (iconogr.), Crosses, martyrs, mouth (iconogr.), Laws, Romanesque (Style), Knight (iconogr.), Knights, Dragon (iconogr.), Dragons , struggle of good with evil (iconogr.), Fight with pagans (iconogr.), Spear (iconogr.), Spears, Middle Ages (era)denarius; Trajan (53-117; Roman emperor 98-117); 103-111 (103-00-00-111-00-00);Mars (mitol.), Heads, trophies, laurel wreathsdenarius; 201 (201-00-00-201-00-00);denarius; 98-99 (98-00-00-99-00-00);PAX (personification), Rome (Italy), Trajan (Roman Emperor - 53-117), Trajan (Roman emperor - 53-117) - iconography, denarydenarius; Trajan (53-117; Roman emperor 98-117); 103-111 (103-00-00-111-00-00);Felicitas (personification), heads, abundance horns, laurel wreathsdenarius; Trajan (53-117; Roman emperor 98-117); 103-111 (103-00-00-111-00-00);Victoria (personification), heads, wings, laurel wreathsdenarius; Fonteius Capito, P. (Fl. 55 BC); 55 BC (-55-00-00--55-00-00);Mars (mitol.), Helmets, prisoners, riders, horses, swords, bust, Mars bust (iconogr.), Shields, trophies, warriors, spearsdenarius; Marek Aureliusz (121-180; Roman emperor 161-180), Lucius Werus (130-169; Roman emperor 161-169), Antoninus Pius (86-161; Roman emperor 138-161); after 161 (150-00-00-151-00-00);crowning; Stanis Aw August Poniatowski (Polish king; 1764-1795); 1794 (1794-00-00-1794-00-00);denarius; Boles Aw III Krzywousty (Ksi  Polish; 1107-1138); around 1125-1138 (1125-00-00-1138-00-00);Bolesław III Krzywousty (Polish Prince-1086-1138), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980)-collection, Wojciech (Saint-Ca. 956-997), allegories, spear cave (sign emissions), chain mail (iconogr.), Chaincias, isosceles (iconogr.), Crosses, martyrs, mouth (iconogr.), Laws, Romanesque (Style), Knight (iconogr.), Knights, Dragon (iconogr.), Dragons , struggle of good with evil (iconogr.), Fight with pagans (iconogr.), Spear (iconogr.), Spears, Middle Ages (era)heller; XIV-XV century (1301-00-00-1500-00-00);Madonna with the Child (iconogr.), City coins, Silesian Eagle (iconogr.), Eaglesdenarius; Boles Aw III Krzywousty (Ksi  Polish; 1107-1138); around 1125-1138 (1125-00-00-1138-00-00);Bolesław III Krzywousty (Polish Prince-1086-1138), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980)-collection, Wojciech (Saint-Ca. 956-997), allegories, spear cave (sign emissions), chain mail (iconogr.), Chaincias, isosceles (iconogr.), Crosses, martyrs, mouth (iconogr.), Laws, Romanesque (Style), Knight (iconogr.), Knights, Dragon (iconogr.), Dragons , struggle of good with evil (iconogr.), Fight with pagans (iconogr.), Spear (iconogr.), Spears, Middle Ages (era)denarius; Hadrian (76-138; Roman emperor 117-138); 119-122 (117-00-00-138-00-00);Mars (mitol.), Busters, trophies, laurel wreathsdenarius; Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, L. (fl. 62 BCE; 50 BC); 62 BC (-62-00-00--62-00-00);Concordia (personification), Lucius Aemilius Paullus (Roman politician - 229-160 A.C.) - iconography, State Art Collections (Warsaw - 1922-1939) - collections, Perseus (Macedonian king - 179-168 A.C.) - iconography, diadmy, head of Concordia (iconogr.), Prisoners, transmission (provenance), trophies, veilsdenarius; Boles Aw III Krzywousty (Ksi  Polish; 1107-1138); around 1125-1138 (1125-00-00-1138-00-00);Bolesław III Krzywousty (Polish Prince-1086-1138), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980)-collection, Wojciech (Saint-Ca. 956-997), allegories, spear cave (sign emissions), chain mail (iconogr.), Chaincias, isosceles (iconogr.), Crosses, martyrs, mouth (iconogr.), Laws, Romanesque (Style), Knight (iconogr.), Knights, Dragon (iconogr.), Dragons , struggle of good with evil (iconogr.), Fight with pagans (iconogr.), Spear (iconogr.), Spears, Middle Ages (era)denarius; Trajan (53-117; Roman emperor 98-117); 112-117 (112-00-00-117-00-00);Virtus (personification), heads, laurel wreaths, spearsdenarius; Marek Aureliusz (121-180; Roman emperor 161-180); 178-179 (178-00-00-179-00-00);denarius; 103-111 (101-00-00-102-00-00);Aequitas (personification), heads, horns of abundance, weight, laurel wreathsdenarius; 103-111 (101-00-00-102-00-00);Aeternitas (personification), head of Sola (iconogr.), Heads, laurel wreathsdenarius; Boles Aw III Krzywousty (Ksi  Polish; 1107-1138); around 1125-1138 (1125-00-00-1138-00-00);Bolesław III Krzywousty (Polish Prince-1086-1138), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980)-collection, Wojciech (Saint-Ca. 956-997), allegories, spear cave (sign emissions), chain mail (iconogr.), Chaincias, isosceles (iconogr.), Crosses, martyrs, mouth (iconogr.), Laws, Romanesque (Style), Knight (iconogr.), Knights, Dragon (iconogr.), Dragons , struggle of good with evil (iconogr.), Fight with pagans (iconogr.), Spear (iconogr.), Spears, Middle Ages (era)denarius; Makrynus (164-218; Roman emperor 217-218); 217-218 (217-00-00-218-00-00);denarius; Kommodus (161-192; Roman emperor 177-192); 191-192 (191-00-00-192-00-00);denarius; Boles Aw III Krzywousty (Ksi  Polish; 1107-1138); around 1125-1138 (1125-00-00-1138-00-00);Bolesław III Krzywousty (Polish Prince-1086-1138), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980)-collection, Wojciech (Saint-Ca. 956-997), allegories, spear cave (sign emissions), chain mail (iconogr.), Chaincias, isosceles (iconogr.), Crosses, martyrs, mouth (iconogr.), Laws, Romanesque (Style), Knight (iconogr.), Knights, Dragon (iconogr.), Dragons , struggle of good with evil (iconogr.), Fight with pagans (iconogr.), Spear (iconogr.), Spears, Middle Ages (era)Denar (over Amana); Karakalla (188-217; Roman emperor 198-217); 208 (177-00-00-177-00-00);dupondius/as; Antoninus Pius (86-161; Roman emperor 138-161), Marek Aureliusz (121-180; Roman emperor 161-180); 155-156 (155-00-00-156-00-00);denarius; Plaustylla (CA 185-212; Roman Empress 202-205); 211-217 (211-00-00-217-00-00);denarius; Boles Aw III Krzywousty (Ksi  Polish; 1107-1138); around 1125-1138 (1125-00-00-1138-00-00);Bolesław III Krzywousty (Polish Prince-1086-1138), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980)-collection, Wojciech (Saint-Ca. 956-997), allegories, spear cave (sign emissions), chain mail (iconogr.), Chaincias, isosceles (iconogr.), Crosses, martyrs, mouth (iconogr.), Laws, Romanesque (Style), Knight (iconogr.), Knights, Dragon (iconogr.), Dragons , struggle of good with evil (iconogr.), Fight with pagans (iconogr.), Spear (iconogr.), Spears, Middle Ages (era)denarius; Boles Aw III Krzywousty (Ksi  Polish; 1107-1138); around 1125-1138 (1125-00-00-1138-00-00);Bolesław III Krzywousty (Polish Prince-1086-1138), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980)-collection, Wojciech (Saint-Ca. 956-997), allegories, spear cave (sign emissions), chain mail (iconogr.), Chaincias, isosceles (iconogr.), Crosses, martyrs, mouth (iconogr.), Laws, Romanesque (Style), Knight (iconogr.), Knights, Dragon (iconogr.), Dragons , struggle of good with evil (iconogr.), Fight with pagans (iconogr.), Spear (iconogr.), Spears, Middle Ages (era)sesterce; Aleksander Sewer (208-235; Roman emperor 222-235); 231-235 (231-00-00-235-00-00);Denar Elbl Zygmunt II August (Polish king; 1544-1572); 1554 (1555-00-00-1555-00-00);Drachma; Fraates IV (37-2 A.C.); 37-2 BC (37-00-00-32-00-00);heller; 15th century (1401-00-00-1500-00-00);Piotr (Saint), Klucze, city coins, Silesian Eagle (iconogr.), Eagles, Saint. Piotr with keysSicily, Leontini, tetradrachm; ca 475 455 BC Leontinoi mintdenarius; Trajan (53-117; Roman emperor 98-117); 112-117 (112-00-00-117-00-00);heads, horses, laurel wreaths, spearsdenarius; Hadrian (76-138; Roman emperor 117-138); 134-138 (134-00-00-138-00-00);Salus (personification), heads, plates, laurel wreathscrowning; Stanis Aw August Poniatowski (Polish king; 1764-1795), Sylm, Fryderyk Wilhelm (Fl. 1765-1767); 1767 (1767-00-00-1767-00-00);denarius; Antoninus Pius (86-161; Roman emperor 138-161), Faustina older (98-141; Roman Empress 138-141); after 141 (141-00-00-146-00-00);Trojak (with the bust of Wilhelm Kettler); Fryderyk Kettler (Ksi  Kurland and Semigalia; 1587-1642), Wilhelm Kettler (Ksi  Kurland and Semigalia; 1587-1616); 1599 (1599-00-00-1599-00-00);denarius; Boles Aw III Krzywousty (Ksi  Polish; 1107-1138); around 1125-1138 (1125-00-00-1138-00-00);Bolesław III Krzywousty (Prince of Poland - 1086-1138), Wojciech (Saint - Ca. 956-997), allegories, spear cave (emission sign), chainbel (iconogr.), Chainbell,, isosceles cross (iconogr.), Crosses, crosses, crosses, crosses, crosses, crosses Martyrs, Pragen (iconogr.), Laws, Romanesque (Style), Knight (iconogr.), Knights, Dragon (iconogr.), Dragons, Struggle of Dobra with Evil (Ikonogr.), Fight with pagans (iconogr.), Spear (Święt. iconogr.), spears, Middle Ages (era)False coin, IIthuanian shilIIng, John II Casimir (1649 1668)Prussian denari; Zygmunt I Stary (King of Poland; 1506-1548); 1528-1535 (1528-00-00-1535-00-00);denarius; Antoninus Pius (86-161; Roman emperor 138-161), Faustina older (98-141; Roman Empress 138-141); after 141 (141-00-00-166-00-00);denarius; Antoninus Pius (86-161; Roman emperor 138-161); 138 (138-00-00-138-00-00);Drachma; Sinatroces (76-69 A.C.); 76 BC-69 BC (123-00-00-87-00-00);Trojak; Decjusz, Jost Ludwik (Fl. 1528-1535), Vogelwaider (Vogelwid), Eustachius; 1538 (1538-00-00-1538-00-00);denarius; Boles Aw III Krzywousty (Ksi  Polish; 1107-1138); around 1125-1138 (1125-00-00-1138-00-00);Bolesław III Krzywousty (Polish Prince-1086-1138), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980)-collection, Wojciech (Saint-Ca. 956-997), allegories, spear cave (sign emissions), chain mail (iconogr.), Chaincias, isosceles (iconogr.), Crosses, martyrs, mouth (iconogr.), Laws, Romanesque (Style), Knight (iconogr.), Knights, Dragon (iconogr.), Dragons , struggle of good with evil (iconogr.), Fight with pagans (iconogr.), Spear (iconogr.), Spears, Middle Ages (era)denarius; 101-102 (101-00-00-102-00-00);Wiktoria (personification), twigs, heads, wings, laurel wreathsheller; Miko 15th century (1401-00-00-1500-00-00);beak's helmet (iconography), helmet with horns (iconogr.), Helmets, city coins, Eaglesdenarius; Trajan (53-117; Roman emperor 98-117); 112-117 (112-00-00-114-00-00);Providentia (personification), scepter, heads, laurel wreathsdenarius; 198 (177-00-00-177-00-00);denarius; Fabius LaBeo, Q. (Fl. 124 A.C.); 124 BC (-124-00-00--124-00-00);Jupiter (Mitol.), Jupiter on a square (iconogr.), Roma (Mitol.), Scripture (attribute), Roma head in a helmet (iconogr.), Helmets, horses, squares, lightning (attribute), RostrumCoin. Unknowndenarius; Antoninus Pius (86-161; Roman emperor 138-161), Faustina older (98-141; Roman Empress 138-141); after 141 (141-00-00-166-00-00);Trojak; Decjusz, Jost Ludwik (Fl. 1528-1535); 1535 (1535-00-00-1535-00-00);Stater. UnknownLithuanian Denar; Zygmunt II August (Polish king; 1544-1572); 1555 (1546-00-00-1546-00-00);Brown coin; Pantikapaion; 340-330 BC (340-00-00-330-00-00);Nadczarzyorze, satir (mitol.), Terlecki, Ignacy (1860-1916), Terlecki, Ignacy (1860-1916)-collection, bulls, bull's head (iconogr.), Purchase (provenance), animalsDenarius; Rome, Lazio Italy; 1st century B.C; Silver; 0.0039 kg (0.0086 lb.)Szekel (siglos); Dariusz III (King of Persia; 337-330 BC); IV BC (-400-00-00--301-00-00);denarius; Boles Aw III Krzywousty (Ksi  Polish; 1107-1138); around 1125-1138 (1125-00-00-1138-00-00);Bolesław III Krzywousty (Polish Prince-1086-1138), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980)-collection, Wojciech (Saint-Ca. 956-997), allegories, spear cave (sign emissions), chain mail (iconogr.), Chaincias, isosceles (iconogr.), Crosses, martyrs, mouth (iconogr.), Laws, Romanesque (Style), Knight (iconogr.), Knights, Dragon (iconogr.), Dragons , struggle of good with evil (iconogr.), Fight with pagans (iconogr.), Spear (iconogr.), Spears, Middle Ages (era)denarius; Hadrian (76-138; Roman emperor 117-138); 134-138 (134-00-00-138-00-00);Felicitas (Personification), heads, Kadyceuszdenarius; Marcjana (Sister Trajana; for Trajan 98-117); 113 (113-00-00-113-00-00);horses, wheels, cartsBrown coin; Pantikapaion; 2. PO. 1st century BC (-50-00-00--1-00-00);Apollo (mitol. 'heller; XIV-XV century (1301-00-00-1500-00-00);Madonna with the Child (iconogr.), City coins, Silesian Eagle (iconogr.), Eaglesas/dupondius; Antoninus Pius (86-161; Roman emperor 138-161), Faustina older (98-141; Roman Empress 138-141); after 141 (141-00-00-166-00-00);Brown coin; Fraates III (70-57 A.C.); 70 BC-57 BC (123-00-00-87-00-00);Ionia, Phocaea, hekte; 5th  4th century BC Phocea mintdenarius; Aemilius Lepidus, Mn. (fl. 114-113 A.C.); 114-113 BC (114-00-00-113-00-00);tiarade, horses, women's bust, horse statue on three arches (iconogr.), spears, purchase (provenance), armordenarius; Boles Aw III Krzywousty (Ksi  Polish; 1107-1138); around 1125-1138 (1125-00-00-1138-00-00);Bolesław III Krzywousty (Polish Prince-1086-1138), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980), Jastrzębowski, Stanisław (1898-1980)-collection, Wojciech (Saint-Ca. 956-997), allegories, spear cave (sign emissions), chain mail (iconogr.), Chaincias, isosceles (iconogr.), Crosses, martyrs, mouth (iconogr.), Laws, Romanesque (Style), Knight (iconogr.), Knights, Dragon (iconogr.), Dragons , struggle of good with evil (iconogr.), Fight with pagans (iconogr.), Spear (iconogr.), Spears, Middle Ages (era)denarius; Kommodus (161-192; Roman emperor 177-192); 186 (186-00-00-186-00-00);Denar (BECKERA FALSEF); Becker, Carl Wilhelm (coin counterfeiter; 1772-1830), Manlia Scantylla (Fl. 193; Roman Empress 28.3-1.6.193); 193 (for the original) (193-00-00-193-00-00);Four pence, emergency coin of Charles I, king of England in Ormond beaten from the silver, Anonymous, 1643 applied by the residents coin. siege coin Front: Crown above letters C and R inside pearl edge. Reverse: Value designation (four pence): Roman number IIII under letter D in pearl edge Ireland silver (metal) striking (metalworking)  Irelanddenarius. Pompeius, Sex. (fl. 137 a.C.), monetary officer, Republika Rzymska, issuerPenning from Flanders in the name of Muntmeester Simon ,, 1100 - 1200 coin. penny Front: two lilies desired towards each other, to the left of it, to the right of that moon. Four circles on edge. Reverse: Short -Feeding Cross, in corners of decoration. Dischanging: Simoni Ghent silver (metal) striking (metalworking)Denar of Aurelius Scaurus, M. (Fl. 118 A.C.), Licinius Crassus, L. (Fl. 118 A.C.), Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cn. (fl. 118-96 A.C.); 118 BC (-118-00-00--118-00-00);State Art Collections (Warsaw - 1922-1939) - collections, Roma (Mitol.), Bigi, Roma's head (iconogr.), Helmets, Attic Helmets, Karnyks (iconogr.), Message (provenance), shields, warriors, warrior na Biga (iconogr.), WieczniaDrachma; Kawades I (Szachinszach Persia; 488-496 and 498-531); 488-497 and 499-531 (488-00-00-497-00-00);denarius; W ADSY AW III WARNE Czyk (Polish king; 1434-1444); 1434-1444 (1434-00-00-1444-00-00);denarius; Hadrian (76-138; Roman emperor 117-138); 134-138 (134-00-00-138-00-00);heads, plates, veils, laurel wreathsSilver crown penny; Stanis Aw August Poniatowski (Polish king; 1764-1795), Sylm, Fryderyk Wilhelm (Fl. 1765-1767); 1767 (1767-00-00-1767-00-00);denarius; Trajan (53-117; Roman emperor 98-117); 112-117 (112-00-00-114-00-00);Providentia (personification), scepter, heads, laurel wreathsAS; Hadrian (76-138; Roman emperor 117-138); 119-138 (119-00-00-138-00-00);Felicitas (personification), branches, heads, laurel wreaths20-franc piece, Napoleon I, brockage reverse 1808 Medalist: Jean-Pierre Droz. 20-franc piece, Napoleon I, brockage reverse. Medalist: Jean-Pierre Droz (French, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Neuchtel 1746-1823 Paris). French. 1808. Gold. CoinsBrown coin; Pantikapaion; 1. W. 1st century BC (-100-00-00--76-00-00);Apollo (mitol. (provenance)Roman coin vintage An ancient Roman coin over clear background vintage Copyright: xZoonar.com/ClaudioxDiviziax 8579998False coin, crown shilIIng, John II Casimir (1649 1668)penny; Ludwika Anhalcka (na Owsko-Wośka, regent of Legnica-Brzeska; 1631-1680), Brettschneider, Christoph (Fl. 1637-1714); 1673 (1673-00-00-1673-00-00);Legnica (coat of arms), Ludwika Anhalck (Duchess of Oławsko-Wołowska, Regentka Legnica-Brzeska-1631-1680), Duchy of Brest (coat of arms), Duchy of Legnica (coat of arms), letters, letters C-B, Silesian Eagle (iconogr.), Eagles , shields, coat of arms, coat of arms under the prince's miter, purchase (provenance)A penny of Gdańsk; Zygmunt I Stary (King of Poland; 1506-1548); 1540 (1540-00-00-1540-00-00);dupondius; Trajan (53-117; Roman emperor 98-117); 112-114 (112-00-00-114-00-00);Felicitas (personification), heads, abundance horns, laurel wreathsHemidrachm ca. A.D. 50-100 Parthian Numismatists - the scholars who study coins - refer to the front’ side of the coin, which usually features the head of a person or god, as the obverse,’ and the back’ side as the reverse.’On the obverse of this small silver coin, a bust of the king faces to the left. He has a long, curly beard, long hair and a large nose, and wears a domed hat (called a tiara’) with a diadem (the headband worn by victorious athletes in ancient Greece) tied over it. He also wears a necklace or torque around his neck. The reverse type is all but impossible to discern, though a Persian inscription, reading "King Kapat, son of King Namupat" is visible.This coin was minted by King Kapat (also called Napad) II of Persis, in the second half of the first century A.D. Persis refers to a region in southwestern Iran which was the heartland of the Achaemenid Empire. Under the Seleucids and Parthians, Persis was ruled by client kings like Ardashir, who combined elements of A