Emergency Services Operations

Images of military personnel engaged in emergency and rescue operations, showcasing teamwork in various settings, including stairwells, trucks, and aircraft.

U.S. Navy Fireman, Damage Control Fireman Striker Hatton Franklin, from San Diego and assigned to the amphibious assault ship USS Essex (LHD 2), paints a retired veterans home during a Habitat for Humanity event, in support of Los Angeles Fleet Week, May 27, 2022. The purpose of Fleet Week is to showcase the capabilities of the Navy-Marine Corps team and give back to the community with events, static displays, and personal interactions between service members and the public.

U.S. Air Force Fire and Emergency Services Airmen from the 6th Civil Engineering Squadron descend a stairwell at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida, Sep 9, 2022. Fire protection specialists responsibilities are to respond to both fire and non-fire emergencies, establish emergency operations command, conduct search and rescue operations and administer emergency first aid.

U.S. Marine Corps Cpl. Andrew Alexander, a bulk fuel specialist with Marine Wing Support Squadron (MWSS) 171, drives a 7-ton truck at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni, Japan, Sept. 22, 2022. MWSS-171 Marines cooperate with joint forces to support aerial operations in the Indo-Pacific through timely and efficient aircraft refueling.

U.S. Air Force Chief Master Sgt. D.J. Dibibar from the 15th Airlift Squadron watches the ground clearance as a generator is off loaded from a U.S. Air Force C-17 Globemaster III Jan. 16, 2010 at Port-Au-Prince airport Haiti.

U.S. Marine Corps Maj. Bartosz Lesniewicz, front, a foreign disclosure officer with the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade, and 1st Sgt. Mumhammad Rafi, with Shorebak Garrison, Afghan National Army (ANA), lead stretches before water polo practice at Camp Shorebak on Camp Leatherneck, Afghanistan, April 7, 2010. U.S. Marines and the ANA are creating the first water polo team in Helmand province to improve morale, bridge cultural gaps and support the International Security Assistance Force.

A plane captain works in the cockpit of an F-14A Tomcat aircraft aboard the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN-69) during FLEET EX '90. Subject Operation/Series: FLEET EX '90 Country: Atlantic Ocean (AOC)

U.S. Navy Fireman, Damage Control Fireman Striker Hatton Franklin, from San Diego and assigned to the amphibious assault ship USS Essex (LHD 2), paints a retired veterans home during a Habitat for Humanity event, in support of Los Angeles Fleet Week, May 27, 2022. The purpose of Fleet Week is to showcase the capabilities of the Navy-Marine Corps team and give back to the community with events, static displays, and personal interactions between service members and the public.

Airman Ethan Librock, a heavy mobile mechanic in the 107th Attack Wing Vehicle Maintenance Group, works on a Forklift with Senior Airman Nathan Wojtkowiak on Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station, Niagara Falls, New York, 12 June, 2022. Vehicle Maintenance keeps all the equipment of the National Guard safe and serviceable. Air National Guard Photo by Senior Airman Daniel Meade

U.S. Navy sailors with Expeditionary Resuscitative Surgical System 29 perform emergency lifesaving surgery on a simulated casualty during Operation Firebreak at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, Nov. 15, 2022. Operation Firebreak is an exercise held by the Navy Expeditionary Medical Training Institute to provide realistic field medical training for Marines and sailors. As part of the exercise, Marines and sailors moved simulated casualties through all three levels of casualty care, from the field to a fleet surgical team.

050814-A-5447B-051. Subject Operation/Series: IRAQI FREEDOM Base: Rawah State: Al Anbar Country: Iraq (IRQ)

U.S. Marines with 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit check in simulated American citizens during a non-combatant evacuation operation training aboard the Amphibious Assault Ship USS Tripoli (LHA-7) in the Philippine Sea, Aug. 10, 2022. NEO training ensures the Tripoli Amphibious Ready Group is ready to receive American citizens if they need to be evacuated from a foreign country. The 31st MEU is operating aboard ships of the Tripoli ARG in the 7th Fleet area of operations to enhance interoperability with allies and partners and serve as a ready response force to defend peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

Captain William Petri of the 624th Forward Surgical Team out of Erie, Pennsylvania lies in wait at the staging facility as Captain Anthony Ferretti demonstrates the use of the Life Pak 10 Defibrillator during the GOLDEN MEDIC 2001 Exercise. GOLDEN MEDIC is a medical exercise located at Parks Reserve Forces Training Area in Dublin, California, in which the Army transports simulated casualties from the frontline through various staging areas to a main tent hospital. Subject Operation/Series: GOLDEN MEDIC 2001 Base: Camp Parks, Dublin State: California (CA) Country: United States Of America (USA)

Marine Safety Unit - 26-HK-132-118. Hurricane Katrina

DN-ST-86-02419. Base: Yorktown State: Virginia (VA) Country: United States Of America (USA)

U.S. Marines assigned to Combat Logistics Regiment 17, Task Force Los Angeles, plate their meal while competing in Galley Wars during Los Angeles Fleet Week at San Pedro, California, May 29, 2022. The purpose of Fleet Week is to showcase the capabilities of the Navy-Marine Corps team and give back to the community with events, static displays, and personal interactions between service members and the public.

A US Navy officer surveys the damage to a boat which ran aground during Hurricane Hugo. State: Puerto Rico (PR) Country: United States Of America (USA)

U.S. Air Force 79th Fighter Generation Squadron (FGS) Airmen assist the 20th Logistic Readiness Squadron (LRS) load luggage onto a commercial aircraft in preparation for a deployment at Shaw Air Force Base, S.C., July 16, 2022. The 79th FGS deployed to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, in support of theater plans and operations.

050720-A-1566H-021. Subject Operation/Series: SWARMER Base: Samarra State: Salah Ad Din Country: Iraq (IRQ) Scene Major Command Shown: 101ST AIRBORNE DIVISION (AA)

030405-F-9528H-010. Subject Operation/Series: IRAQI FREEDOM Country: Unknown

060502-N-7711S-074. Base: USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76)

MAJ Applewhite and SMSGT Driscoll, competition judges, observe as A1C Franklin and SSGT Klobetanz check over 7.62mm shells and white phosphorus rocket canisters prior to loading them into their OV-10A Bronco aircraft during munitions loading competition Sabre Spirit I. Subject Operation/Series: SABRE SPIRIT I Base: Osan Air Base Country: Republic Of Korea (KOR)

Representatives from civilian media with video and audio recording equipment capture scenes of the recovery team members getting ready to ascend to the crash site near Gold Dust Peak. Base: Eagle State: Colorado (CO) Country: United States Of America (USA)

SWAT Team Officer Rappelling from Building

Catarina Stefanoff, from Delta High School, smashes through a training door with a SWAT breaching tool during a demonstration at the Salt Lake Unified Police Department during Freedom Academy, July 11, 2022. The delegates learned the importance of SWAT in police forces and how they are one component of protecting the rights of society. Since 1961, the Utah National Guard and Honorary Colonels Corps have sponsored Freedom Academy and provided a challenging and engaging environment designed to teach young leaders the importance of freedom and that leadership is essential to its survival.

SSGT Bill Lovins, ground radio maintenance, 1930th Information Systems Squadron, works on an ARC-186 VHF transceiver in a converted railway car, one of several which function as the Alaskan Air Command's Alternate Command Post. The transceiver is used to communicate between ground and air forces. Country: United States Of America (USA)

YOKOSUKA, Japan (Nov. 16, 2022) - Sailors assigned to U.S. 7th Fleet flagship USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19) detain a suspicious person during anti-terrorism drills on Commander, Fleet Activities Yokosuka Nov. 16, 2022. Blue Ridge is the oldest operational ship in the Navy and, as 7th Fleet command ship, actively works to foster relationships with allies and partners in the Indo-Pacific region.

Disaster Assistance Response Teams (DART) - Marine Safety Office St. Louis - 26-HK-122-84. Hurricane Katrina

A U.S. Air Force Airman assigned to the 79th Fighter Generation Squadron performs pre-flight checks at Shaw Air Force Base, S.C., July 19, 2022. The 79th Fighter Squadron deployed to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, in support of theater plans and operations.

220104-N-YS140-026Fort Pickett, Va. (Jan. 04, 2022) Afghan evacuees board a bus and depart for the airport. Over 150 evacuees departed today to resettle, with approximately 3,000 remaining. Over half of the evacuees that came to Fort Pickett have been resettled. The Department of Defense, through U.S. Northern Command, and in support of the Department of Homeland Security, is providing transportation, temporary housing, medical screening, and general support for at least 50,000 Afghan evacuees at suitable facilities, in permanent or temporary structures, as quickly as possible. This initiative provides Afghan personnel essential support at secure locations outside Afghanistan.

U.S. Air Force 375th Force Support Squadron Airmen serve food to 375th Air Mobility Wing Airmen out of a Single Pallet Expeditionary Kitchen Oct. 20, 2022, on Volk Field Air National Guard Base, Wisconsin. FSS Airmen previously built the SPEK during Ballistic Badger 2022, a training opportunity for Airmen at the Showcase Wing to rehearse the ability to execute rapid global mobility.

PHILIPPINE SEA (Nov. 26, 2022) Boatswains Mate First Class Brandan Mills, from Lakeland, Florida, uses a sound-powered phone during a replenishment-at-sea onboard USS Shiloh (CG-67). The US Navy conducts replenishment-at-seas to sustain forces afloat by delivering food and fuel. The Shiloh is underway on a routine patrol in the Philippine Sea, in support of a free and open Indo-Pacific.

Coast Guard Structures - Air Stations - New Orleans - 26-HK-95-174. AIRSTA NOLA--CNN's Anderson Cooper inside office building with CG personnel (2). Hurricane Katrina

ALIEN 3 (1992), directed by DAVID FINCHER.

Members of Sea-Air-Land (SEAL) Team 8 draw their weapons and equipment prior to a boarding exercise aboard the fleet oiler USNS JOSHUA HUMPHREYS (T-AO-188). SEAL Team 8 provided boarding teams to assist ships of the Maritime Interdiction Force in their enforcement of U.N. sanctions against Iraq during Operation Desert Storm. Subject Operation/Series: DESERT STORM Country: Red Sea

240207-N-EJ843-1023 ATLANTIC OCEAN (Feb. 7, 2024) - Lt. j.g. Yevheniy Mizin, assigned to the Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Delbert D. Black (DDG 119), report updates to damage control repair lockers during a fire fighting drill, Feb. 7, 2024. Delbert D. Black is on a scheduled deployment in the U.S. Naval Forces Europe area of operations, employed by the U.S. Sixth Fleet to defend U.S., Allied, and partner interests. Navy

Crew members observe activity on deck from the flight control center aboard the amphibious assault ship USS PELELIU (LHA 5) during PACEX '89. Subject Operation/Series: PACEX '89 Base: USS Peleliu (LHA 5)

OKINAWA, Japan (June 7, 2017) Cmdr. David Nelson, from Philadelphia, observes and directs Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) 10, assigned to Naval Beach Unit 7, as it enters the well deck of the amphibious transport dock ship USS Green Bay (LPD 20). Green Bay, part of the Bonhomme Richard Amphibious Ready Group, is operating in the Indo-Asia-Pacific region to enhance partnerships and be a ready-response force for any type of contingency.

Beale volunteer Airman hangs his arms through prison bars at the haunted house at Beale Air Force Base, California, Oct. 22, 2022. The haunted house is an interactive maze full of fright and scares to experience this Halloween.

France, Paris, Defense, Follow-Up Of Building Site For Vinci

U.S. Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Ivan Cordova, left, and Pfc. Elijah Martinez, right, both chemical, biological, radioactive and nuclear defense specialists with the command element, 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit, enter a simulated contaminated site during a chemical response exercise at Camp Hansen, Okinawa, Japan, Jan. 17, 2024. CREEX tests CBRNs capabilities to respond to different operations, including clandestine labs, containing chemical munitions, and countering weapons of mass destruction while performing reconnaissance, decontamination, and rapid insertion for casualties. The 31st MEU, the Marine Corps only continuously forward-deployed MEU, provides a flexible and lethal force ready to perform a wide range of military operations as the premiere crisis response force in the Indo-Pacific region.

030313-F-5171M-007. Base: RAF Fairford State: Gloucestershire Country: England / Great Britain (ENG) Scene Major Command Shown: CENTAF

060225-N-7711S-095. Base: USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76)

Coast Guard Cutters - Dauntless (WMEC 624) - 26-HK-73-224. CGC Dauntless-- Coast Guardsmen on commercial vessel--050928. Hurricane Katrina

Miscellaneous - Katrina and Rita - 26-HK-431-137. Hurricane Katrina

A Marine from Marine Fighter Attack Squadron (VMFA) 323, Marine Aircraft Group 11, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing, is welcomed home by family and friends on Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, Oct. 9, 2022. VMFA-323 flew their F/A-18C Hornets in support of the NATO Air Shielding mission in the U.S. European Command area of operations. The mission is designed to increase the air and missile defense posture along the Eastern flank of the Alliance and provides NATO an enhanced posture with the flexibility to orient toward any emerging threat. NATO Air Shielding increases Allied readiness and interoperability, while shielding and protecting Allied territory and populations.

A close-up view of the tail of an F-106A Delta Dart aircraft prior to its last flight. The aircraft, which was the last Delta Dart in active service, has been used as a safety chase aircraft in the B-1B aircraft production acceptance flight test program. It will be taken to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, where it will become a QF-106 drone aircraft. Base: Palmdale State: California (CA) Country: United States Of America (USA)

In 2018, Sam Short was diagnosed with spinal cancer. As part of the Make A Wish Foundation, Sam wanted a chance to stand on the yellow footprints at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island for a chance to earn the title United States Marine. From April 27-28, Short will complete a condensed boot camp alongwith a platoon of Marines in hopes of earning the honorary title of Marine. Short, who is 16 years-old, is from Columbus, Oh.

220702-N-BP862-1017 ADRIATIC SEA (July 2, 2022) Aviation Structural Mechanic Airman Jacob Conn, from King, North Carolina, assigned to the "Proud Warriors" of Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron (HSM) 72, paints hardware on an MH-60R Sea Hawk helicopter in the hangar bay of USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75), July 2, 2022. The Harry S. Truman Carrier Strike Group is on a scheduled deployment in the U.S. Naval Forces Europe area of operations, employed by U.S. Sixth Fleet to defend U.S., allied and partner interests.

A Soldier with the U.S Army Black Daggers Parachute Demonstration Team prepares for her jump during the Shaw Air & Space Expo at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, April 3, 2022. The Shaw Air & Space Expo is dedicated to the Airmen who have served the past 75 years and honors their legacy of innovation and their work to make America the leader in airpower and space power.

Recruiting Sub-Station (RSS) Oklahoma City North poolees conduct an Initial Strength Test (IST) in Oklahoma City, OK, Dec. 22, 2022.

Tech. Sgt. Hannah Shipman applies baby shampoo to Airman 1st Class Christopher Marcums face after being pepper sprayed July 9, 2017, at McLaughlin Air National Guard Base, Charleston, W.Va. Security Forces defenders are required to have pepper spray training in order to test their abilities to carry out their duties in case of exposure and to understand its effects. Shipman and Marcum are defenders assigned to the 130th Security Forces Squadron.

A1C Bernadette Botti performs her load master duties while in flight aboard a C-141 MEDEVAC aircraft. She is part of the first Air Force all-female flight crew to fly an overseas mission. The women are flying the C-141 to Rhein-Main Air Base, West Germany, with a stop-over at Lajes Field, Azores. Country: Unknown

French soldiers

Coast Guard Cutters - Dauntless (WMEC 624) - 26-HK-73-292. CGC Dauntless--Coast Guardsman talking to civilian crew member on ship ---050928. Hurricane Katrina

030225-F-3961R-010. Subject Operation/Series: COPE TIGER 2003 Base: Korat Country: Thailand (THA)

On Board Hm Submarine Tribune, 1942 An actor operating a high pressure valve on board HMS TRIBUNE during the making of the film 'Close Quarters'.

DF-ST-86-12334. Base: Botolan Zambales Country: Philippines (PHL)

Cadet Christian Lucas makes adjustments to his uniform during rehearsal on Thursday. The afternoon before their commissioning ceremony, cadets and cadre arrived on the sixth floor of the Boise State University Stueckle Sky Center to walk through a rehearsal of the ceremony for Friday morning. Cadets made final adjustments to their uniforms and learned the protocol and choreography of the ceremony.The Boise State University Spring 2022 Semester has come to an end for the Bronco Battalion. Several cadets received their commission on Friday, May 6, 2022 with family, friends and fellow cadets celebrating their achievement. In the closing moments of the academic year, plans were placed in motion for the semester to come. While some members of the Bronco Battalion will move on, others will step up to fill their vacant seats at the planning meetings every Friday morning following physical training. The lineage of the Bronco Battalion will continue.

DF-ST-89-10692. Base: Seoul Country: Republic Of Korea (KOR)

Suspicious package locks down the White House grounds

US Army recruits climb a wooden barrier on the obstacle course. Country: Unknown

U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. Maj. Joseph Sorgie, the outgoing sergeant major of 2nd Maintenance Battalion, 2nd Marine Logistics Group, gives a speech during a relief and appointment ceremony on Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, Aug. 24, 2022. During the ceremony, Sgt. Maj. Joseph Sorgie relinquished his duties as battalion sergeant major of 2nd Maintenance Battalion to Sgt. Maj. Jonathan Carranza.

Master Sgt. Cassie Balzer, 173rd Air Refueling Squadron boom operator, smiles as water is thrown on her, Jan. 5, 2024, during her fini-flight at the National Guard air base in Lincoln, Nebraska. Balzer had 4,500 hours in the sky.

DN-ST-88-00670. Base: USS Dwight D Eisenhower (CVN 69) Country: Atlantic Ocean (AOC)

060727-N-5555T-006. Base: Norfolk State: Virginia (VA) Country: United States Of America (USA)

Injured U.S. soldiers cared for at National Naval Medical Center

DD-ST-89-03951. Base: Washington State: District Of Columbia (DC) Country: United States Of America (USA)

Disaster Assistance Response Teams (DART) - Miscellaneous - 26-HK-126-17. Hurricane Katrina

Soldier doing tasks in military base, doing surveillance with digital radar equipment, operating missile systems. Middle Eastern man monitoring army HQ CCTV for any unauthorized activity, camera A

US Air Force Combat Camera Photojournalist, STAFF Sergeant Jeremy Lock documents a press conference after the opening ceremonies of exercise Central Asian Peacekeeping Battalion (CENTRASBAT) 2000, Almaty, Kazakhstan (KAZ), Wednesday 13 September 2000. The CENTRASBAT 2000 exercise is a multi-national, in the Spirit of Partnership for Peace, peacekeeping and humanitarian relief exercise sponsored by United States Central Command (US CENTCOM) and hosted by the former Soviet Republic Kazakhstan in Central Asia, 11-20 September 2000. Exercise participants include approximately 300 US troops including personnel from US CENTCOM, the US Army's 82nd Airborne Division, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, .... Complete Scene Caption: US Air Force Combat Camera Photojournalist, Staff Sergeant Jeremy Lock documents a press conference after the opening ceremonies of exercise Central Asian Peacekeeping Battalion (CENTRASBAT) 2000, Almaty, Kazakhstan (KAZ), Wednesday 13 September 2000. The CENTRASBAT 2000 e

000927-N-9565D-001. Base: Uss Enterprise (CVN 65) Country: Atlantic Ocean (AOC)

U.S. Marine Corps Staff Sgt. Francisco Rodriguez, a primary marksmanship instructor with Weapons and Field Training Battalion, gives attendees of Marine Corps Recruit Depot (MCRD) San Diego's Educators Workshop a weapons safety brief at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Calif., June 28, 2023. The Educators Workshop is an opportunity for MCRD San Diego to welcome academic faculty onto the base to gain insight into what recruit training looks like, how the Marine Corps functions, and the type of person the Marine Corps is looking to attract through conversations with currently commissioned and non-commissioned Marines.

US Air Force MASTER Sergeant Mark Seery (right) and USAF STAFF Sergeant Kevin Ardoin track the efficiency of teams at the world's largest missile field in the first mobile intercontinental ballistic missile command center at Malmstrom ABF, Montana. From AIRMAN Magazine, August 2000 article "Weapons controllers launch first mobile command center.". US Air Force Master Sergeant Mark Seery (right) and USAF Staff Sergeant Kevin Ardoin track the efficiency of teams at the world's largest missile field in the first mobile intercontinental ballistic missile command center at Malmstrom ABF, Montana. From Airman Magazine, August 2000 article "Weapons controllers launch first mobile command center."

031110-F-9629J-007. Base: Kirkuk Air Base Country: Iraq (IRQ) Scene Major Command Shown: AMC

DF-ST-87-07393. Base: Beale Air Force Base State: California (CA) Country: United States Of America (USA)

U.S. Coast Guard Petty Officer 3rd Class Napana Keoho, a machinery technician aboard USCGC Bear (WMEC 901), looks outboard from the enclosed bridge of a New England commercial fishing vessel, Sep. 7, 2022. Keoho was serving as a boarding team member for a living maritime resources (LMR) boarding.

220720-N-XH769-1002 ATLANTIC OCEAN (July 20, 2022) U.S. Navy Operations Specialist 3rd Class Marissa Cisneros observes a terminal aboard the Wasp-class amphibious assault ship USS Kearsarge (LHD 3) July 20, 2022. The Kearsarge Amphibious Ready Group and embarked 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit, under the command and control of Task Force 61/2, is on a scheduled deployment in the U.S. Naval Forces Europe area of operations, employed by U.S. Sixth Fleet to defend U.S., allied and partner interests.

040908-F-0017C-020. Base: Kwang-Ju Air Base Country: Republic Of Korea (KOR)

Photojournalism conflict Ireland

Retired Capt. James Hubbard points to his newly mounted plaque on the Hall of Heroes Wall of Gallantry memorial at the Coast Guard Academy, October 21st, 2022. Hubbard was formally recognized for his efforts during two helicopter rescues that he played an integral role in during his Coast Guard career. (U.S. Coast Guard photograph by Petty Officer 3rd Class Matthew Thieme)

Symbolic image, drug deal, dark secret in a bunker, Ostallgaeu Bavaria

U.S. Marines with 2nd Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division, exit a bus during a homecoming ceremony at Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, Twentynine Palms, California, April 13, 2022. The unit returned to the Combat Center after completing a unit deployment program to Okinawa, Japan with the 3rd Marine Division.

DF-ST-88-03485. Base: Dyess Air Force Base State: Texas (TX) Country: United States Of America (USA)

Sgt. Richard Carlson plots points at the starting area for the day as part of the National Best Warrior Competition, July 26, 2022. Carlson and Spc. Nathaniel Miska placed first in both the Minnesota and Region IV Best Warrior Competition, securing their spot in this National Competition. Fourteen National Guard Soldiers are competing in the All-Guard National Best Warrior Competition July 24-29, 2022, primarily at Camp Smyrna, Tennessee.(Minnesota National Guard photo by Staff Sgt. Mahsima Alkamooneh)

040718-F-5789F-003. Subject Operation/Series: IRAQI FREEDOM Base: Baghdad Country: Iraq (IRQ)

Great Lakes Search and Rescue Detachment - 26-HK-143-96. Hurricane Katrina

BREMERTON-NAVAL BASE KITSAP, Wash. (Aug. 4, 2022) - U.S. Navy Boatswains Mate 3rd Class Christopher Carol, from Dothan, Ala., prepares mooring lines in the forecastle aboard the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71) as the ship exits dry dock, Aug. 4, 2022. Theodore Roosevelt is in a docking planned incremental availability at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility where the ship will receive scheduled maintenance and upgrades.

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