Historic Church Interiors

Photographs of intricate church interiors and architectural details, capturing historical significance and craftsmanship in religious spaces.

Old Paris. Hotel de Marigny, 5 Quai d'Anjou, 9th arrondissement, Paris Old Paris. "Hotel de Marigny, 5 Quai d'Anjou, Paris (ixth arr.)". Photograph of Eugene Atget (1857-1927). Albumped paper draw.

Interior of the Dom of Pisa, c. 1860 - c. 1900 photograph Part of photo album with recordings of sights in Italian cities and artworks. Dom photographic support albumen print interior of church Dom

, Michaelerplatz - Michaelerkirche - Interior view - Architecture detail, Josef Wlha -, photographer

Nicola Pisano pulpit in the Baptisterium in Pisa, Italy, Anonymous, After Nicola Pisano, 1851 - 1900 photograph Pisa cardboard. paper albumen print pulpit, ambo, chancel Bond

, Plankengasse - portal, August Stauda -, photographer

Arc de Nazareth before the fire of the municipality, courthouse Nazareth bow before the fire of the municipality, courthouse. Paris (IER ARR.), 1868. Photograph of Pierre Emonds.

st, town hall - side facade - passage gate, Victor Luntz -, Formerly Owned by, Unknown, Photographer

Old Paris. Hotel de Marigny, 5 Quai d'Anjou, 9th arrondissement, Paris Old Paris. "Hotel de Marigny, 5 Quai d'Anjou, Paris (ixth arr.)". Photograph of Eugene Atget (1857-1927). Albumped paper draw.

Palazzo Communal Te Brescia, Giacomo Rossetti, c. 1870 photograph Brescia paper. photographic support. cardboard albumen print hôtel, i.e. small palace in city Palazzo Communal

A photograph of the cathedral in Curtea de Arges by Ludwig Angerer, showing blind hobs on the side aisle exterior, created in 1856 on salt paper mounted in an underground box. The image documents architectural details.

St. Lorenzo - cloister road , Churches, Cloisters, San Lorenzo fuori le mura Church : Rome, Italy. The Massachusetts WPA Federal Art Project Photograph Collection

View of a door in the Fürstenzimmer of Slot Velthurns near Bressanone, Italy, Otto Schmidt, c. 1886 - in or before 1891 photomechanical print This print is part of a cover with thirty prints and three text magazines. Slot VelthurnsViennapublisher: Vienna paper castle - AA - civic architecture: inside. closed door Slot Velthurns

Église de Brou - Mausolée de Marguerite d'Autriche. Unknown

Bliżej Kultury unknown

Doksaal of the Sint-Joriskerk in Amersfoort, c. 1875 - c. 1900 photograph Sint-Joriskerk cardboard. photographic support parts of church interior. rood-screen, choir-screen; iconostasis Sint-Joriskerk

Entrance to the tower of the Dutch Reformed Church in Asperen after the fire of 1896, anonymous (monument care) (attributed to), A.J.M. Mulder (Possibly), 1896 photograph Aseren photographic support. cardboard albumen print door. tower (of house or building). church (exterior) Dutch Reformed Church

N.N., Wilhelmsburg Castle, Schmalkalden. (From: Monuments of German Renaissance, ed. K.E.O. Fritsch, 4.bd., Berlin 1891.) (1891-1891): View main portal. Light pressure on paper, 47.1 x 31.5 cm (including scan edges)

Entrance to a chapel of La Mezquita, Rafael Garzón, c. 1870 - c. 1895 photograph Cordova. General view of the Mirab chapel. paper. photographic support. cardboard albumen print church (exterior) - QQ - small church, chapel THE MOSQUITA (CORDOBA)

Entry gate University building in Genoa, c. 1875 photograph Entry gate University building in Genoa, located in a former Jesuits church. Information in caption is not correct. Knee cardboard. photographic support albumen print palace. gate, entrance. sculpture (+ relief ~ sculpture). coat of arms (as symbol of the state, etc.). staircase Knee

Portal of the Noorder Transept of the Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-Over-De Stijlekerk in Mechelen, Anonymous, After Christoffel Plantijn, c. 1876 - in or before 1881 photomechanical print BrugesAntwerpafter design by: Antwerp paper collotype / photolithography parts of church exterior and annexes: portal Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-Over-De-Dijlekerk

Copper choir fence in the Grote Kerk in Dordrecht, c. 1875 - c. 1900 photograph Large or Our Lady Church cardboard. photographic support albumen print interior of church. rood-screen, choir-screen; iconostasis Large or Our Lady Church

Foundlings' home, Cordoba: the entrance doorway. Lithograph by L.A. Asselineau after himself.

Does not know (Niasviž, white) - the area also called I have known this cross. Former church In. Cross of the Benedictine abbeys - ruined in a view with a view of the tarz; around 1905-1917 (negative); around 1905/1917-ok. 1922 (print) (1900-00-00-1917-00-00);

Ely Cathedral: Bishop Alcock's Chapel. Frederick H. Evans (British, 1853 - 1943)

Monument Voor Adrianus VI in De Santa Maria dell'Amima, Fratelli Alinari, c. 1880 - c. 1895 photograph Florence paper. photographic support. cardboard albumen print interior of church. grave-building, monumental tomb Saint Maria of the soul. Rome

View to the room of the Sultan in the Bardopaleis in Tunis, AM, c. 1880 - c. 1900 photograph Part of Reisalbum with photos of sights in Tunis and Tunisia. Tunis paper. photographic support albumen print palace Tunis

Stiehl Otto (1860-1940): Sketch and photo album 11: Jesuitenkirche, Bonn

Image of the neo -gothic western gateway to the crucifix of the Domkerk on Domplein in Utrecht.

Grave monument from Carel Hieronymus of Inn- en Kniphuisen and Anna van Ewsum in the church of Midwolde, Anonymous (Monumentenzorg) (Attributed to), 1897 photograph Midwolde photographic support. cardboard albumen print interior of church. grave-building, monumental tomb Midwolde

Space (maqsura) in the Córdoba Cathedral (Mezquita). Part of travel album with pictures of sights in France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Switzerland and Austria.

View of a marble fireplace in the Salle des Gardes of the castle of Fontainebleau, France, Séraphin-Médéric Mieusement, c. 1870 - in or before 1875 photograph This photo is part of a cover with thirty photos and two text magazines. Palais de Fontainebleau photographic support albumen print castle - AA - civic architecture: inside. chimney-piece, mantelpiece Palais de Fontainebleau

Ecusson with the coat of arms of the city of Paris, 14 rue de l'Estrapade, 5th arrondissement, Paris Ecusson with the coat of arms of the city of Paris, 14 rue de l'Estrapade, Paris (Fifth arr.). August 14, 1901. Photograph of Emmanuel Pottier (1864-1921).

Emonts or Emonds, Pierre (n.1831-03-29-D.1912), Hôtel de Choiseul, rue Saint-Augustin, 2nd arrondissement, Paris, 1862, albumin paper. Carnavalet museum, history of Paris. Hôtel de Choiseul, rue Saint-Augustin, 2nd arrondissement, Paris. Hôtel de Choisel.

Interieur Van de Basilica of the Santissima Annunziata in Florence, Anonymous, c. 1870 - c. 1890 photograph Part of Reisalbum with photos of sights in Genoa, Florence and Venice. Florence paper. photographic support albumen print parts of church interior: nave Florence

LVIV - The Armenian Cathedral - presbytery from the outside Janiszewski, M., Rotofot

Finestrone di mezzo della facciata del palazzo de Sigri. Conseruatori in Campidoglio, Stvdio d'architettvra civile sopra gli ornamenti di porte e finestre tratti da alcune fabbriche insigni di Roma con le misure, piante, modini, e profili: opera de' piv celebri architetti de nostri tempi, Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1475-1564, Specchi, Alessandro, 1668-1729, Engraving, 1702-1721, Architecture by Michelangelo.

Hehl Christoph (1847-1911), Herz-Jesu-Kirche, Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg (1899-1899): Perspective view portal of the baptism chapel. Light pressure on paper, 48.8 x 32.6 cm (including scan edges)

Unknown photographer, memory in Königsberg (without date): storage gate. Photo on cardboard, 33.3 x 24.6 cm (including scan edges) N.N. : Speicher, Königsberg

Unknown photographer, facade detail (without date): View. Photo on cardboard, 27.5 x 21.4 cm (including scan edges) N.N. : Fassadendetail

Cumberland Gate, Regent's Park , Parks, Gates. Joseph Pennell (1857-1926). Prints and Drawings

Bliżej Kultury unknown

LVIV - The Boim Chapel - elevation with a relief decoration Janiszewski, M., Rotofot

The North Porch, Harfleur, Sir David Young Cameron, 1865-1945, British, 1904, Etching and drypoint, arch, architectural subject, carvings, church, column (architectural element), costume, doorway, headgear, lattice windows, man, pilasters, shadows, step, tracery, women, Europe, France, Harfleur, Normandy

Chapel of St. Anthony in the Salt Mine in Wieliczka. unknown, graphic artist

Description: Photographs of the Theatre, before and after the fire of 1876, plus the reform demonstrations of 1895. Location: Malta Date: 1876-1895 mediterranean, mediterraneanthroughalens

Lazio Roma Rome Episcopal Complex (S. Giovanni in Laterano, Baptistery, Cathedral, Cloister)66. Hutzel, Max 1960-1990 Exterior views of 5th c. baptistery, restored in the 17th c. Interior views of baptismal urn (16th c.), carved walls, ceiling and wall painting; of mosaics and bronze doors in Cappella del Battista; of altar and mosaics in Cappella di S. Venanzio; of mosaic and statue in Cappella di S. Giovanni Evangelista. Architecture, architectural sculpture, sculpture, sculptural fragments, fresco painting, painting, coffering, tiling, stucco. Views 756-886 are of the cathedral. Medieval: Architecture, architectural sculpture, sculptural fragments, architectural fragments, tombstones, mosaics, sculpture, fresco painting, sculptural relief. Object Notes: Hutzel includes guidebook in German on the site. prints matched to negs General Notes: Views 756 thru 886 are of the Baptistery. German-born photographer and scholar Max Hutzel (1911-1988) photographed in Italy from the early 1960s u

Entrance to the Nata Dewale Grounds, Kandy, c. 1880. Scowen & Co. (British, active Ceylon, 1876-1895). Albumen print from glass plate negative; image: 28 x 22.1 cm (11 x 8 11/16 in.); paper: 28 x 22.1 cm (11 x 8 11/16 in.); mounted: 35.4 x 27.5 cm (13 15/16 x 10 13/16 in.). This is probably the entrance to a site for the worship of Natha, the Ceylonese counterpart of the all-compassionate Buddhist deity Mahayana Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara. The shrine in Kandy dedicated to him, considered an especially lucky and sacred place, was where some royal ceremonies were held, including that for the naming of new kings.

Atget, Eugène (Jean Eugène Auguste Atget, dit) (n.1857-02-12-D.1927-08-04), Palais du Petit Luxembourg, Porte de l'Oratory de Marie de Médicis, 6th arrondissement, Paris. 1903 (dummy title), 1903. Draw on albumin paper. Carnavalet museum, history of Paris. Palais du Petit Luxembourg, door of the Oratory of Marie de Médicis, 6th arrondissement, Paris. 1903 (dummy title)

View of the Door Party of the Athenaeum Illustre in Amsterdam, Anonymous, 1894 photomechanical print paper collotype secondary education Athenaeum illustre

Tuscany Grosseto Massa Marittima S. Cerbono (Duomo)6. Hutzel, Max 1960-1990 Medieval: Architecture, architectural sculpture (13th-early 14th century); Fresco (14th century); Panels/Crucifix (14th century); pascal candle; sculpture including the Arca di S. Cerbone; architectural relief (c. 1267); Tabernacle (mid-14th century). Post-medieval: Paintings, fresco (14th century), sculpture Antiquities: Relief German-born photographer and scholar Max Hutzel (1911-1988) photographed in Italy from the early 1960s until his death. The result of this project, referred to by Hutzel as Foto Arte Minore, is thorough documentation of art historical development in Italy up to the 18th century, including objects of the Etruscans and the Romans, as well as early Medieval, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque monuments. Images are organized by geographic region in Italy, then by province, city, site complex and monument.

View of the Dom of Bamberg, Anonymous, 1900 - c. 1920 photograph This photo is part of an album. Bamberg baryta paper gelatin silver print church (exterior) Bamberg stupid

Part of the Roman Catholic Church in Hoeven, Anonymous (Monumentenzorg) (Attributed to), 1904 photograph Hooves photographic support. cardboard albumen print church (exterior) Hooves

Marches Macerata Visso S. Maria, Collegiate Church4. Hutzel, Max 1960-1990 Detailed views of the 14th century exterior architecture of the church, including portals, and details of columns and capitals. There are general interior views, with detailed photos showing the paintings, both on the screen behind the main altar and behind side altars. There are also many photos of painting fragments from the late Medieval and early Renaissance periods. Sculptural photos include a wooden crucifix and basins or altars (perhaps antique) with human face motifs. Object Notes: Hutzel photo campaign date: June 30, 1984. German-born photographer and scholar Max Hutzel (1911-1988) photographed in Italy from the early 1960s until his death. The result of this project, referred to by Hutzel as Foto Arte Minore, is thorough documentation of art historical development in Italy up to the 18th century, including objects of the Etruscans and the Romans, as well as early Medieval, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissan

Carnavalet museum, history of Paris.

N.N., Münster in Strasbourg (1870): View of the south facade. Photo on cardboard, 36.5 x 44.5 cm (including scan edges) N.N. : Münster, Straßburg

Cracow. Church . Piotr and Paw Bu Hak, Jan (1876-1950); around 1920 (1915-00-00-1925-00-00);

Hoffmann Ludwig (1852-1932), (not yet recorded) (1903): Not yet recorded (L.H., new buildings of the city of Berlin, Vol. II). Print on paper, 52.2 x 39.2 cm (including scan edges) Hoffmann Ludwig (1852-1932): Gemeindeschule in der Wilmsstraße, Berlin. (Aus: Neubauten der Stadt Berlin, Bd. II, 1903)

Porch of the Church of Saint Vincent, Rouen. Unknown maker

View of the San Stefano in Bologna, Italy, 1851 - 1890 photograph Bologna paper. cardboard albumen print square, place, circus, etc.. gallery (spacious corridor) Saint Stephen

Stiehl Otto (1860-1940): Sketch and photo album 6: Peter and Paulskirche, Rosheim

Unknown photographer, St. Lorenz in Nuremberg (without dat.): Portal. Photo on cardboard, 35.9 x 29.5 cm (including scan edges) N.N. : St. Lorenz, Nürnberg

Voorgevel Van Cathedral Saint-Trophime Te Arles; Church of St. Trophime. .

Umbria Perugia Spoleto S. Maria della Manna d'Oro4. Hutzel, Max 1960-1990 Exterior views of the octagonal church now used as a baptistery. Interior views of oil paintings by Conca (1735), the tomb statue of Bishop Bernardino Lauri, and the massive octangonal baptismal font (15th century), decorated with bas-reliefs depicting scenes from the Nativity to the Marriage at Cana. Object Notes: Hutzel photo campaign date: 1/31/83 German-born photographer and scholar Max Hutzel (1911-1988) photographed in Italy from the early 1960s until his death. The result of this project, referred to by Hutzel as Foto Arte Minore, is thorough documentation of art historical development in Italy up to the 18th century, including objects of the Etruscans and the Romans, as well as early Medieval, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque monuments. Images are organized by geographic region in Italy, then by province, city, site complex and monument.

Umbria Perugia Citta della Pieve Santuario della Madonna di Mongiovino1. Hutzel, Max 1960-1990 Views of the 16th century exterior include details of the portal sculpture. Interior views show details of the marble and stucco work, iconostasis, frescoed dome, altar paintings and marble statues. Object Notes: Photo campaign date: 1982. This monument was previously catalogued as located in the city of Mongiovino. General Notes: Many negatives of this monument can be found in the Marburg Index of Italian monuments under "Panicale-Mongiovino," fiche 286. German-born photographer and scholar Max Hutzel (1911-1988) photographed in Italy from the early 1960s until his death. The result of this project, referred to by Hutzel as Foto Arte Minore, is thorough documentation of art historical development in Italy up to the 18th century, including objects of the Etruscans and the Romans, as well as early Medieval, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque monuments. Images are organized by geograph

Meissner Paul, State Hypothekenbank, Darmstadt. (From: Atlas to the magazine for Building, ed. V. Ministry of Public Work, Jg. 60, 1910) (1910-1910): Views door to the meeting room. Pressure on paper, 46.1 x 30.1 cm (including scan edges) Meissner Paul : Landes-Hypothekenbank, Darmstadt. (Aus: Atlas zur Zeitschrift für Bauwesen, hrsg. v. Ministerium der öffentlichen Arbeiten, Jg. 60, 1910)

Lazio Viterbo Ronciglione Castello. Hutzel, Max 1960-1990 Post-medieval: Architecture, painting, sculpture. Structure was built in the Middle Ages, and restored in successive periods, retaining the cylindrical towers on the corners. German-born photographer and scholar Max Hutzel (1911-1988) photographed in Italy from the early 1960s until his death. The result of this project, referred to by Hutzel as Foto Arte Minore, is thorough documentation of art historical development in Italy up to the 18th century, including objects of the Etruscans and the Romans, as well as early Medieval, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque monuments. Images are organized by geographic region in Italy, then by province, city, site complex and monument.

Antwerp, Plantin, Christoffel, Maes, Joseph, Leiden, Décoration, XVIe Siècle, View of the gate of the Holy Ghost or Poor Orphanage and Children's Home in Leiden, recto - stamped, photomechanical print, page, photographs, photographically illustrated books, DÉCORATION de l'entrée, recto - printed, LITT. D. - PL. 11., JJvY, height 337 mm, width 230 mm, photographer, 1875 - 1880, paper, papier, collotype, photolithography, fotolithografie, Belgian, 1838 - 1908, clichémaker, Work conception, 1514 - 1589-07-01

Gansemannchen. Fountain of Goose Head, Nurnberg; German; about 1870; Albumen silver print

Bronze Horses, Naples. Giorgio Sommer (Italian, born Germany, 1834 - 1914)

Adler Friedrich (1827-1908), Castle Church in Wittenberg. Conversion (after 1892): View of the altar. Photo on paper, 62.8 x 47.4 cm (including scan edges) Adler Friedrich (1827-1908): Schlosskirche, Wittenberg. Umbau

Interior of a Palace. Dimensions: sheet: 25.7 x 18.9 cm (10 1/8 x 7 7/16 in.) mount: 36.4 x 32.5 cm (14 5/16 x 12 13/16 in.). Medium: pen and brown ink with brown wash over graphite on laid paper; laid down. Museum: National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. Author: Juste-François Boucher.

Franz Eybl's pencil drawing depicts the interior of a church, emphasizing architectural features, spatial composition, and decorative elements, c.1820.

Photo collection Deli Society. Photo album Deli Maatschappij: Company SAIT SEBERANG. Collection Photo collection Deli Society, photo number 828_65. 1930. Indonesia, Dutch East Indies, Sumatra

Bliżej Kultury unknown

L 'Eglise St. Pierre et paul. Intérieur Vilnius. Church In. Piotr and Paw Grassland; Photography in the album "Vilnius", volume 2; Bu Hak, Jan (1876-1950); 1912 (1912-00-00-1913-00-00);

Stiehl Otto (1860-1940): Sketch and photo album 10: Place Royale, Nancy

Vilnius. "New synagogue at Zawalena Street"; Zdanowscy, Edmund and Boles; Before 1939 (1930-00-00-1939-00-00);

Marienkirche, Greifswald: View (From: Sketch and Photo Album 25)

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st, Rotenturmstraße - fountain in the courtyard of the Archbishops Palace, postcard, Verlag Reinhold Gftmann , Sohn, producer

Portal on the north side of the Sint Walburgiskerk in Zutphen, anonymous (monument care) (attributed to), 1890 - 1910 photograph Zutphen photographic support. cardboard albumen print parts of church exterior and annexes: portal Walburgism

Courtyard with fountain of the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, c. 1875 - c. 1900 photograph Florence cardboard. photographic support albumen print inner court of palace or 'hôtel'. ornamental fountain. angels. column, pillar ~ architecture Vecchio Palace

Exterior of the staircase of the castle of Azay-le-Rideau, c. 1875 - c. 1900 photograph Azay-le-Rideau cardboard. photographic support albumen print exterior ~ representation of a building. façade (of house or building). castle. staircase Azay-le-Rideau

Anonymous, Fontaine Saint-Martin, 3rd arrondissement, Paris. 1877. (Faithful title), 1900. Draw on albumin paper. Carnavalet museum, history of Paris. Fontaine Saint-Martin, 3rd arrondissement, Paris. 1877. (Faithful title)

"Etching by Domenico Cunego depicting the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, showing architectural elements, columns, statues, and surrounding structures between 1747 and 1803."

Grand staircase - north pavilion. .

Trap in the former Groninger Museum, Anonymous, 1880 - 1910 photograph Groningen photographic support. cardboard staircase Groningen

Bliżej Kultury unknown

Donatello (Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi) (1386-1466), Cathedral in Prato. Outside pulpit (Pergamo del sacro cingolo) (without date): View of the pulpit of St. Belt. Photo on cardboard, 29.1 x 22.3 cm (including scan edges)

Leszno - voivodeship Poznan, Fara -Wn around 1917 (1916-00-00-1920-00-00);

Two images of Corinthian capitals of the San Marco in Venice, Carl Heinrich Jacobi, c. 1880 - in or before 1885 photomechanical print These prints are part of a cover with 58 prints on 50 sheets. Venice paper collotype church (exterior). capital (~ column, pillar) (+ classical art). Corinthian order ~ architecture Basilica of San Marco

N.N., Jacobikirche, Stettin. (From: leaves for architecture and handicrafts, 10th year, 1897, Tafel 106.) (1897-1897): Interior view pulpit. Light pressure on paper, 34.5 x 27.1 cm (including scan edges) N.N. : Jacobikirche, Stettin. (Aus: Blätter für Architektur und Kunsthandwerk, 10. Jg., 1897, Tafel 106)

Two access portals from buildings in Vienna, c. 1884 - in or before 1894 photomechanical print On the left an access portal of a house on Alserstrasse 25, on the right the access portal of the Hochschule für Bodenkultur. maker: Austriapublisher: Vienna paper collotype gate, entrance. façade (of house or building)

Umbria Perugia Bevagna Convento dell'Annunziata3. Hutzel, Max 1960-1990 German-born photographer and scholar Max Hutzel (1911-1988) photographed in Italy from the early 1960s until his death. The result of this project, referred to by Hutzel as Foto Arte Minore, is thorough documentation of art historical development in Italy up to the 18th century, including objects of the Etruscans and the Romans, as well as early Medieval, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque monuments. Images are organized by geographic region in Italy, then by province, city, site complex and monument.

View of a part of the Chapelle de la Trinité of the castle of Fontainebleau, France, Séraphin-Médéric Mieusement, c. 1870 - in or before 1875 photograph This photo is part of a cover with thirty photos and two text magazines. Palais de Fontainebleau photographic support albumen print castle - AA - civic architecture: inside. chapel (interior of the house) Palais de Fontainebleau

Sculptural Architecture Detail. Louis Fleckenstein (American, 1866 - 1943)

The Armenian Cathedral board V from the portfoIIo: Churches of old Lviv , 11 etchings engraved by Wanda Korzeniowska, Lviv: H. Altenberg, G. Seyfarth, E. Wende and Co., 1917 Korzeniowska, Wanda (1883 1935)

Rue des Blancs-Manteaux. Eugène Atget, photographer (French, 1857 - 1927) 1922 Cafe wine shop Inscription: Title and negative number inscribed verso print. Secondary Inscription: Inscribed verso print in the hand of André Jammes: "Coll. Florent Fels/AJ".

Jérusalem. Saint Sépulcre. Façade.

Braun Adolphe (1811-1877), Marienkirche, Herford (before 1885): Inside to the southeast. Photo, 21.5 x 15.9 cm (including scan edges) Braun Adolphe (1811-1877): Marienkirche, Herford (vor 1885)

Unknown photographer, Kammerzell´sche's house, Strasbourg (without dat.): Detail of the facade with rich figure carving and lead -made bristle windows. Photo, 31.7 x 23.3 cm (including scan edges)

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