Historic Scientists and Their Contributions

Engravings of renowned scientists in botany and linguistics, highlighting their historical significance and contributions to various scientific fields.

Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829) 1st Baronet, was a Cornish chemist and inventor who invented the Davy lamp and a very early form of arc lamp. In 1799 he experimented with nitrous oxide so he nicknamed it laughing gas. UK. Europe. Old 19th century engraved illustration from Portraits et histoire des hommes utile by Societe Montyon et Franklin 1837

John Stevens Henslow (1796-1861) botanist & geologist, Cambridge professor of botany

Historical engraving, portrait with autograph of Franz Bopp, 1791-1867, German linguist and Sanskrit researcher, founder of the historical-comparative Indo-European linguistics, 19th century, from Bildatlas zur Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalliteratur by Gustav Koennecke, illustrated atlas, 1887

Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt was a Prussian geographer, naturalist, and explorer, and the younger brother of the Prussian minister, philosopher and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835). Humboldt's quantitative work on botanical geography laid the foundation for the field of biogeography. Between 1799 and 1804, Humboldt travelled extensively in Latin America, exploring and describing it for the first time from a modern scientific point of view. His description of the journey was written up and published in an enormous set of volumes over 21 years. He was one of the first to propose that the lands bordering the Atlantic Ocean were once joined (South America and Africa in particular). Later, his five-volume work, Kosmos (1845), attempted to unify the various branches of scientific knowledge. Humboldt supported and worked with other scientists, including Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac, Justus von Liebig, Louis Agassiz, Matthew Fontaine Maury, Georg von Neumayer, and most

Portrait of the chemist Justus von Liebig, Julien-Léopold Boilly, 1837 print Paris paper historical persons

Edward Anthony Jenner, 17 May 1749, 26 January 1823, an English country doctor who developed the modern vaccination against smallpox, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829) 1st Baronet, was a Cornish chemist and inventor who invented the Davy lamp and a very early form of arc lamp. In 1799 he experimented with nitrous oxide so he nicknamed it laughing gas. UK. Europe. Old 19th century engraved illustration from Portraits et histoire des hommes utile by Societe Montyon et Franklin 1837

John Hunter 1728 1793. Scottish surgeon. Founder of pathological anatomy in England. From The National and Domestic History of England by William Aubrey published London circa 1890

Joseph Black (1728-1799). Scottish Physician, physicist and chemist.

Jean Baptiste Biot (1774-1862) French physicist and astronomer. In 1804, with Gay-Lussac, Biot made the first balloon ascent specifically for scientific purposes. Lithograph.

Historical print, 1869, portrait of Justus Liebig or Baron von Liebig, 1803 - 1873, a German chemist and professor, from Bildatlas zur Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalliteratur, the Illustrated Atlas of the History of German National Literature, by Gustav Koennecke, 1887

Andre-Marie Ampere, January 20, 1775 - June 10, 1836, was a French physicist and mathematician / Andre-Marie Ampere, 20. Januar 1775 - 10. Juni 1836, war ein französischer Physiker und Mathematiker, Historisch, historical, digital improved reproduction of an original from the 19th century / digitale Reproduktion einer Originalvorlage aus dem 19. Jahrhundert.

Franz Carl Achard, François Charles Achard, April 28, 1753 - April 20, 1821, a German natural scientist, a descendant of French religious refugees. He developed the technique for producing sugar from white fodder beets / Franz Carl Achard, François Charles Achard, 28. April 1753 - 20. April 1821, ein deutscher Naturwissenschaftler, ein Nachkomme französischer Glaubensflüchtlinge. Er entwickelte die Technik zur Herstellung von Zucker aus weißen Futterrüben, Historisch, historical, digital improved reproduction of an original from the 19th century / digitale Reproduktion einer Originalvorlage aus dem 19. Jahrhundert,.

Richard Arkwright (1732-1792). Inventing the spinning frame. Engraving. Nuestro Siglo, 1883. Spanish edition.

Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788-1827), French engineer and physicist. Engraving, 1873.

John Scott Russell (1808 1882) Scottish civil engineer, naval architect and shipbuilder who built the Great Eastern in collaboration with Isambard Kingdom Brunel. He made the discovery of the wave of translation that gave birth to the modern study of solitons, and developed the wave-line system of ship construction.

John Leslie (1766-1832) Scottish natural philosopher and physicist. Leslie invented a number of scientific instruments and in 1810 created artificial ice. Professor of Mathematics, Edinburgh 1805 and of Natural Philosophy 1819. Knighted 1832. After drawing by Benjamin William Crombie (1803-1847). Engraving.

GIDEON ALGERNON MANTELL Geologist and palaeontologist Date: 1788 - 1852

George Simon Ohm (1787-1854), German physicist, c1906. The Standard International unit of electrical resistance (the ohm) is named for him. From 'A travers l'Electricite' ('About Electricity'), Georges Dary, (Paris, c1906). Engraving.

Engraving of Jons Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848) a Swedish chemist. Dated 18th century.

Patrick Bell (1799-1869) Scottish clergyman; inventor of mechanical reaper (c1827) which Cyrus McCormick perfected. Wood engraving 1868

Thomas Young (1773-1829) English physicist and Egyptologist. Undulatory (wave) theory of light. Deciphering of Rosetta Stone. Wood engraving

James Watt (1736-1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved the Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1776, fundamental by the Industrial Revolution. Europe. Old 19th century engraved illustration from Portraits et histoire des hommes utile by Societe Montyon et Franklin 1837

Dominique Francois Jean Arago (1786-1853) French astronomer, physicist and politician. Lithograph published Paris c1820

Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau (1795-1867), French anatomist and surgeon. Engraving, 1873.

Friedrich Wohler (1800-1882), German organic chemist. Isolated aluminium (1827), synthesised urea (1828), discovered beryllium (1828), and obtained acetylene from calcium carbide. From James Sheridan Muspratt 'Chemistry' (London, c1860). Engraving.

Jan Sniadecki (August 29, 1756ñ November 9, 1830) was a Polish mathematician, philosopher and astronomer at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries

Antoine Laurent LAVOISIER - 1743-1794 the vignette at the bottom shows Lavoisier investigating the existence of oxygen in the air (experiment in which he obtained mercuric oxide

William Gregory (1803-1858), Scottish chemist. Professor of medicine and chemistry at King's College, Aberdeen, and from 1843 Professor of chemistry at Edinburgh university. Studied under Justus von Liebig at Giessen, Germany, and edited English editions of Liebig's works. From James Sheridan Muspratt Chemistry (London, c1860). Engraving.

Andre-Marie Ampere (1775-1836) French mathematician and physicist who established the relationship of electricity and magnetism. Engraving from 'Les Nouvelles Conquetes de la Science' by Louis Figuier (Paris, 1883).

Baron Georges Cuvier. Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier (1769-1832) was a French naturalist and zoologist, referred to as the founding father of paleontology. France. Europe. Old 19th century engraved illustration from Portraits et histoire des hommes utile by Societe Montyon et Franklin 1837

Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851). Danish physicist. Colored engraving.

JEAN PIERRE JOSEPH DARCET French chemist Date: 1777 - 1844

Charles Bell (1774-1842), Scottish surgeon and anatomist. Artist: Unknown

Dominique Francois Jean Arago (1786-1853), French astronomer, physicist and politician. Artist: Unknown

Philippe Lebon (1767-1804), French engineer and chemist, inventor of lebon gas. Engraving, 1873.

Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, 19 April 1795, 27 June 1876, was a Saxon-Prussian, German zoologist, microbiologist, ecologist and geologist, and is one of the best known and most prolific scientists of his time, Historical, digitally restored reproduction of an original 19th-century master copy

Albany, New York: c. 1835 An engraving by E. Prudhomme of American physician Theodric Romeyn Beck who specialized in medical jurisprudence and wrote the first significant book on forensic medicine.

David Brewster (1781-1868) Scottish physicist Brewster was editor of the 'Edinburgh Magazine', 1802 and the 'Edinburgh Encyclopaedia', 1808. His scientific work was mainly in the field of optics. He invented the kaleidoscope, studied polarised light, and established a new discipline of optical mineralogy. From 'The Illustrated London News', (London, 1868). Wood engraving.

Portrait of nature researcher Bernard Germain de Lacépède, Julien-Léopold Boilly, 1820 print Paris paper historical persons

Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, November 14, 1797 - February 22, 1875, was one of the most influential geologists of the 19th century / Sir Charles Lyell, 1. Baronet, 14. November 1797 - 22. Februar 1875, war einer der einflussreichsten Geologen des 19. Jahrhunderts, historical, digital improved reproduction of an original from the 19th century / digitale Reproduktion einer Originalvorlage aus dem 19. Jahrhundert,.

$Baron Guillaume Dupuytren (1777-1835) French anatomist and military surgeon. He gave his name to an irreducible contracture of the palm of the hand described in 1831 and a type of ankle fracture. France. Europe. Old 19th century engraved illustration from Portraits et histoire des hommes utile by Societe Montyon et Franklin 1837$

CLAUDE BERNARD (1813-1878) PHYSIOLOGIST WHO DISCOVERED THE CHEMICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER AND THE FUNCTIONING OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM - 1889.

Ludwig Häusser (1818A_i_1867). Was a German historian. Engraving. "Universal History", 1885. Colored.

Thomas Graham (1805-1869) Scottish chemist who laid the foundations of physical chemistry. From James Sheridan Muspratt 'Chemistry' (London, c1860). Engraving. British.

Samuel Latham Mitchill (1764-1831), American scientist, physician and politician. In 1795 he described the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide (Laughing Gas), five years earlier than Humphry Davy. Engraving, 1896.

Michel Eugene Chevreul (1786-1889) on engraving from 1800s. French chemist whose work with fatty acids led to early applications in the fields of art and science. Engraved by C.Cook after a drawing by Maumir and published by W.Mackenzie.

An engraving depicting Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) an Italian physician, physicist, biologist and philosopher. Dated 19th century

Claude-Louis, comte Berthollet (December 9, 1748 - November 6, 1822), French chemist and physician, digitally enhanced reproduction of a 19th-century original, historical, exact date unknown.

Robert Wilhelm Eberhard von Bunsen (1811-1899) German chemist and spectroscopist. The Bunsen burner, the gas burner used in laboratories and invented by Michael Faraday, was perfected by him (1855). Engraving from 'The Science Record' (New York, 1873).

William Smellie (1740-1795) Scottish printer, naturalist and antiquary. He completed the first English translation of Buffon's 'Natural History' (1780). From 'The Naturalist's Library' edited by William Jardine (Edinburgh and London 1839-1854). Engraving

Jean Baptiste Biot (1774-1862) French physicist and astronomer. In 1804, Biot and Gay-Lussac achieved the first balloon ascent specifically for scientific purposes. Lithograph, Historic, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

Illustration showing Samuel Crompton (3 December 1753 - 26 June 1827) was an English inventor and pioneer of the spinning industry.

Adrien Marie Legendre, 1752-1833. French mathematician. From ""Histoire de la Revolution Francaise"" by Louis Blanc

Jean Le Rond D'Alembert (1717-1783) French scientist, mathematician and philosopher; collaborated with Diderot on the Encyclopedie

Pierre Simons (19th century), involved with early Belgian railways. Engraving from 'Les Merveilles de la Science' (Paris, c1870).

William Balfour Baike (1825-1864) Scottish naturalist, explorer, naval surgeon and linguist. Expeditions to the Niger 1854 and 1857. Wood engraving 1864.

William Herschel (1738-1822) German-born English astronomer: Discovered first new planet since ancient times, Uranus. Built telescopes including his famous 40ft reflector. Engraving

Miguel Colmeiro Penido (1816-1901). Spanish botanist. Engraving by Arturo Carretero. The Spanish and American Illustration, 1880.

Historical drawing from the 19th century, portrait of Johann Elert Bode, 1747 - 1826, a German astronomer

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) French chemist and physicist. From Sheridan Muspratt 'Chemistry', William Mackenzie, London c1850. Engraving

Sir Charles Bell (1774-1782), Scottish anatomist

Jean-Baptiste André Dumas (1800-1884), French chemist and pharmacist. Engraving, 1873.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center. Europe. Old 19th century engraved illustration from Portraits et histoire des hommes utile by Societe Montyon et Franklin 1837

Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826), German physicist. Developed the spectrum and mapped the lines of the solar spectrum (Fraunhofer lines). Engraving (c1895).

Samuel Luther Dana (1795-1868) American physician, chemist and geologist.

Amos Eaton (1776-1842) American botanist, geologist, lawyer and public lecturer. Engraving, 1896. Scientist

Historical drawing from the 19th century, portrait of Christian Leopold Freiherr von Buch, 1774 - 1853, a German geologist

Ferdinand Hochstetter , Ferdinand von Hochstetter, geologist and prehistorist, Adolf Dauthage -, Lithograph

Gerard Troost (1776-11850), Dutch-born American geologist and natural philosopher. Professor of chemistry, geology and mineralogy at the University of Nashville (1828) . One of the founders of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Copperplate engraving, 1896, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, record date not stated

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) French naturalist. Author of 44 volume 'Histoire Naturelle' 1749-1767. Lithograph, (Paris, c1830).

An engraving depicting Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826), a German physicist who developed the spectrum and mapped the lines of the solar spectrum (Fraunhofer lines). Dated 19th century

Henri Braconnot (1780-1855), French chemist and pharmacist. Engraving, 1873.

T.N.R. Morson, chemist; 1874

Joseph Black (1728-1799) Scottish chemist, born in Bordeaux, France, son of a wine merchant, professor of chemistry at the University of Glasgow, in 1757 he isolated carbon dioxide, developed the theory of latent heat, engraving from A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen by Thomas Thomson (1870), Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated, Europe

An engraving depicting Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826), a German physicist who developed the spectrum and mapped the lines of the solar spectrum (Fraunhofer lines). Dated 19th century

Eli Whitney (1765-1825), American inventor and manufacturer, born in Westborough, Massachusetts. He is credited with the invention of the Egrenier machine (1793), with which cotton fibres could be separated from seeds and bolls. This dramatically increased the amount of cotton that could be processed per day and revolutionised the American cotton industry. Equally important was the introduction of interchangeable parts, an innovation that led to mass production and the manufacture of cheap goods in the 19th century. From The century Magazine (New York, 1887) ., digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, record date not stated

JAMES COOK Explorer Date: 1728 - 1779

Jan Baptist Sniadecki (1756 - 1830) Polish astronomer, director of the Wilna observatory from 1806. Brother of Jedrzej S.

Joshua Brookes 1761 to 1833 British anatomist and naturalist Engraved by H Cook after T Phillips From the book National Portrait Gallery volume V published c 1835

JEAN SYLVAIN BAILLY French astronomer (computed orbit for Halley's Comet) and politician (first mayor of Paris in 1789) Date: 1736 - 1793

William Barton Rogers 1804-1882, American geologist. Together with his brother Henry, he suggested a corrugated theory of the mountains based on her work on the Appalache chain. Illustration published in New York 1896. Halbton., Historically, digitally restored reproduction of a template from the 19th century, Record Date Not Stated

Slough, England: c. 1810 An engraving of astronomer and composer Sir Frederick William Herschel writing at his desk.

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), discovered oxygen during his research on the properties of air. He also determined that animals exhale carbon dioxide. 1849 print.

John Hunter (1728-1793) Scottish anatomist, physiologist and surgeon who applied scientific method to medicine.

Heinrich Rose 1795-1864, German mineralogist and analytical chemist. Professor of Chemistry at the University of Berlin from 1823. From James Sheridan Muspratt Chemistry London, approx. 1860. Copper engraving., Historically, digitally restored reproduction of a template from the 19th century, Record Date Not Stated

Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Jacob Berzelius, 20 August 1779 - 7 August 1848, a Swedish chemist / Jöns Jakob Berzeliu, 20. August 1779 - 7. August 1848, schwedischer Mediziner und Chemiker, Historisch, historical, digital improved reproduction of an original from the 19th century / digitale Reproduktion einer Originalvorlage aus dem 19. Jahrhundert,.

John Dalton (1766-1844), scientist

GEORGE JACKSON English scientist, president of the Microscopical Society. Date: 1792 - 1861

Weber, Wilhelm Eduard (Wittenberg, 1804, Gottingen, 1891). German physicist. Nineteenth-century engraving.

Franciscus Ant. Christen. Lithograph by Torsch after A. Einsle.

Mathieu Orfila, Spanish-born French toxicologist and chemist, 19th century. Artist: Delpech

Carl Ritter (1779 - 1859) was a German geographer considered one of the founders of modern geography, he occupied the first chair in geography at the University of Berlin. Old 19th century engraving from Le Tour du Monde 1860

Claude CHAPPE, 1763-1804; French engineer and inventor: 1870

Weber, Wilhelm Eduard (Wittenberg, 1804, Gottingen, 1891). German physicist. Nineteenth-century engraving.

Gustave Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887), German physicist, 1876. He is known for his work in electricity, heat, and optics. He collaboration with Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-1899) on spectrum analysis led, in 1859, to the discovery of calcium and rubidium. From 'Discooveries and Inventions of the Nineteenth Century' by Robert Routledge (London, 1876). Engraving.

PATRICK KELLY Astronomer and mathematician Date: 1756 - 1842

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss, Carolus Fridericus Gauss, 30 April 1777, 23 February 1855, was a German mathematician, statistician, astronomer, geodesist and physicist, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Franz Joseph Gall (1758 - 1828), German neuroanatomist and physiologist

Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859). German naturalist and geographer. Engraving of A. Neumann in Our Century, 1883. Colored.

Michael Faraday (1791-1867) English chemist and physicist. In 1813 he became laboratory assistant to Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution in London. In 1833 he succeeded Davy as Professor of Chemistry at the RI. From James Sheridan Muspratt Chemistry (Londo, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

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