Historical Figures in Medicine

Engravings of notable historical figures in medicine and science, highlighting their contributions and legacy.

Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, FRS (1753 - 1814) American-born British physicist and inventor whose challenges to established physical theory were part of the 19th century revolution in thermodynamics. He served as lieutenant-colonel of the King's American Dragoons, part of the British Loyalist forces, during the American Revolutionary War.

Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777), Swiss physician and scientist who was the founder of neurology. Experimental physiology. From 'The Naturalist's Library', edited W Jardine, (Edinburgh, 1839 and 1854). Engraving c1840.

Franz Joseph Gall (1758 -1828). Neuroanatomist, physiologist, and pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain. Engraving.

Claude Bourgelat (1712-1779) was a French veterinary surgeon. He was a founder of scientifically informed veterinary medicine, and he created one of the earliest schools for training professional veterinarians. France. Europe. Old 19th century engraved illustration from Portraits et histoire des hommes utile by Societe Montyon et Franklin 1837

An engraving depicting Luigi Galvani (1737-1798) an Italian physician, physicist, biologist and philosopher. Dated 19th century

William Bartram (1739-1823) American naturalist; son of the botanist John Bartram (1699-1777) Wood engraving, New York, 1896

Jean-Sylvain Bailly, 15 September 1736, 12 November 1793, French astronomer and first mayor of Paris. Bailly became famous for calculating the orbit of Halley's Comet in 1759, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Historical engraving, portrait with autography of Friedrich Heinrich von der Hagen, 1780-1856, German specialist in German studies, 19th century, from Bildatlas zur Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalliteratur by Gustav Koennecke, illustrated atlas, 1887

'Georg Daniel Coschwitz (16791729) German physician, chemist, and pharmacist. Professor at University of Halle.'

Joseph Black (1728-1799) Scottish chemist, born in Bordeaux, France, son of a wine merchant. Professor chemistry at Glasgow University. In 1757 he isolated carbon dioxide. Evolved the theory of latent heat. Engraving from 'A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen' by Thomas Thomson (1870).

Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, FRS (1753 - 1814) American-born British physicist and inventor whose challenges to established physical theory were part of the 19th century revolution in thermodynamics. He served as lieutenant-colonel of the King's American Dragoons, part of the British Loyalist forces, during the American Revolutionary War.

Jean-Sylvain Bailly, 15 September 1736, 12 November 1793, French astronomer and first mayor of Paris. Bailly became famous for calculating the orbit of Halley's Comet in 1759, Historical, digitally restored reproduction of a 19th century original, exact date unknown

Michael Faraday, 22 September 1791, 25 August 1867, an English natural scientist who is considered one of the most important experimental physicists, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

ROBERT WERE FOX Scientist, inventor and writer on scientific subjects. Date: 1789 - 1877

Edward Jenner (1749-1823) was a British physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world's first ever vaccine. UK. Europe. Old 19th century engraved illustration from Portraits et histoire des hommes utile by Societe Montyon et Franklin 1837

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799) Italian biologist who worked on bacteria, digestion, respiration. Pioneer of Volcanology , From Louis Figuier Vies des Savant Illustres du XVIIIe Siecle, (Paris 1874). Wood engraving

Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent (1743-1794). French chemist. Established the composition of the water and the basis of bioenergetics. Litography. FRANCE. LE-DE-FRANCE. Paris. Mus_e Carnavalet (Carnavalet Museum).

Urbain Jean Joseph Leverrier (1811-1877) French astronomer who calculated the position of planet Neptune in 1846. Calculations confirmed were shortly after by JG Galle at Berlin. Woodcut published London 1847.

Historic print, copper engraving, 1757, portrait of Albrecht von Haller, 1708 - 1777, a Swiss doctor, botanist and science writer of the Age of Enlightenment, from Bildatlas zur Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalliteratur, an illustrated atlas by Gustav Koennecke, 1887

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) French chemist, physicist and balloonist

SAMUEL DALE Medical practitioner at Braintree, Essex where he wrote his 'Pharmacologia'. Date: 1659 - 1739

William Harvey (1578-1657) English physician: circulation of the blood. Engraving

Geoge-Louis Leclerc Buffon (1707-1778). French naturalist. Engraving, Nuestro Siglo),1883. Spanish edition.

Alexandre Brongniart (1770-1847) French geologist and mineralogist. He introduced term Jurassic for Cotswold clays and limestones. Director of Sevres porcelain factory 1800-1847. Engraving from 'Les Merveilles de l'Industrie' by Louis Figuier (Paris, c1870).

Andre-Marie Ampere, 20 January 1775, 10 June 1836, was a French physicist and mathematician, Historical, historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Herman Boerhaave, 1668 - 1738. Dutch botanist, chemist, Christian humanist, and physician. He has been called "the father of physiology". After an engraving by Faustini Anderloni.

William Herschel (1738-1822), German-born English astronomer. Artist: Unknown

George-Louis Leclerc Buffon (1707-1778) French naturalist, author of 44 volume 'Histoire Naturelle'. Proposed earth older than 4004 BC: precursor of theory of evolution. 18th century hand-coloured engraving.

Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777), Swiss physician and scientist who was the founder of neurology, Engraving c1790

Sir Isaac Newton Portrait Illustration

Francesco Bianchini (1662-1729) Italian astronomer. Established an observatory at Albano and worked on the reform of the calendar at commission of Pope Clement X1. Copperplate engraving.

Peter Nicholson (1765-1844) was a Scottish architect, mathematician and engineer. Steel engraving from Mechanics magazine 1825

Michel Adanson (1727-1806) French botanist and naturalist; early exponent of classification of plants by natural orders; pre-Linnaeus. Engraving published c1880.

Galileo Galilei (15 Feb. 1564 8 Jan. 1642) was an Italian physicist, mathematician, philosopher and astronomer who played a pivotal role in establishing modern science at a time when contradiction of religion was considered heresy. It was as an astronomer that he was most controversial. Galileo developed telescopes that confirmed the phases of Venus, and the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), as well as sunspots. In 1610, while a majority of philosophers and astronomers still subscribed to the geocentric opinion that the Earth was the centre of the universe, Galileo came out in support of Copernicus' heliocentric view that the Sun was at the center of the solar system. Galileo's opinions were met with outrage and bitter opposition, and he was denounced to the Roman Inquisition. In February 1616, although he had been cleared of any offence, the Catholic Church nevertheless condemned heliocentrism as 'false and contrary to Chris

Fourcroy (Antoine-François, Count) / Chemist + 1809

Gerard Troost (1776-11850), Dutch-born American geologist and natural philosopher. Professor of chemistry, geology and mineralogy at the University of Nashville (1828). One of the founders of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Engraving, 1896.

Historical drawing from the 19th Century, portrait of Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, 1762 - 1836, a German physician, social hygienist and founder of macrobiotics

Albrecht Daniel Thaer (1752-1828) was a renowned German agronomist and an avid supporter of the humus theory for plant nutrition, polymath and founder of Agricultural Science. Europe. Old 19th century engraved illustration from Portraits et histoire des hommes utile by Societe Montyon et Franklin 1837

Physicians and scholars: Italy - 18th century. Giambattista Morgagni (1682-1771), physician. Engraving

JOHN COUCH ADAMS Astronomer Date: 1819 - 1892

Oersted, Hans Christian (1777-1851). Danish physicist. Colored engraving.

Pierre Simon de Laplace (1749-1827). French mathematician, physicist and astronomer. Colored engraving.

Jean Antoine Beauvisage, French chemist

Carl Ritter (1779 - 1859) was a German geographer considered one of the founders of modern geography, he occupied the first chair in geography at the University of Berlin. Old 19th century engraving from Le Tour du Monde 1860

James Hutton (1726-1797) Scottish-born geologist who published his expanded long time scale theory of geology in 1795. Uniformitarianism. Engraving after portrait by Raeburn.

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, 6 December 1778, 9 May 1850, was a French chemist and physicist. He discovered the uniform thermal expansion of gases, Gay-Lussac law, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Pieter von Musschenbroek (1692-1761), Dutch physicist.

Edmond Halley, 1656 - 1742, an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist

Ernst Heinrich Weber, 24 June 1795 - 26 January 1878, German physiologist and anatomist, Historical, digitally restored reproduction of an original 19th-century master copy, exact original date unknown

Jean d'Arcet (1724-1801), French chemist, inventor of the alloy d'Arcet. Engraving, 1873.

Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) English physician and naturalist. Grandfather of Charles Darwin and Francis Galton: Member of Lunar Society: Anticipated views of Lamarck and of Charles Darwin on evolution. 18th century hand-coloured engraving.

John Winthrop (1714-1779) American physicist, mathematician and astronomer. In 1740 he observed a transit of Mercury. Engraving, 1896.

Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790). American statesman and scientist. Colored engraving.

Gall "Traite sur la nouvelle physiologie" J.B. Nacquart, 1808

WILLIAM ROMAINE Astronomer, chaplain to Lady Huntington Date: 1714 - 1795

John Leslie (1766-1832), Scottish natural philosopher and physicis, lecturing. 19th century. He was Professor of Mathematics at Edinburgh 1805 and of Natural Philosophy 1819. In 1810 Leslie created artificial ice. Knighted in 1832.

Illustration showing Luigi Galvani (1737-98), Italian physician, physicist, biologist and philosopher, who discovered animal electricity.

Joseph Black, 18th century Scottish physicist and chemist, (1836).Artist: James Posselwhite

Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, 1683 - 1757, a French naturalist and material scientist, historical wood engraving, circa 1888

Sir William Herschel (1738-1822) British Astronomer

Peter Anich, Tyrolean peasant became astronomer, vintage engraving. Peter Anich, Tyrolean peasant became astronomer, vintage engraved illustration. Magasin Pittoresque 1852. Copyright: xZoonar.com/PatrickxGuenettex 10673693

Leopold Gmelin (1788-1853), German physiologist and chemist. Professor of chemistry and medicine at the University of Heidelberg 1817-1852. From James Sheridan Muspratt Chemistry (London, ca. 1860) . Copperplate engraving, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

Jean Baptiste von Helmont (1577-1644), Flemish chemist, physiologist, and physician and iatrochemist, born in Brussells. Engraving from From 'Icones Virorum' by Friedrich Roth-Scholtz (Nuremberg, 1725). Science

Joseph Julius Czermak (2, 1799 in Prague, died March 14, 1851 in Vienna) was an Austrian physician, physiologist and anatomist. Historical, digitally restored reproduction from an original from the 19th century.

NICEPHORE NIEPCE 1765/1833 INVENTOR FRANCES DE LA PRIMERA HELIOGRAFIA.

EDMUND HALLEY Astronomer Date: 1656 - 1742

Richard Arkwright (1732-1792). Inventing the spinning frame. Engraving. Nuestro Siglo, 1883. Spanish edition. Color.

Old color lithography portrait. Isaac Newton ( 1642-1727) English physicist, theologian, inventor, alchemist and mathematician. He is the author of th

Christian Huygens, 14 April 1629, 8 July 1695, also Christianus Hugenius, was a Dutch astronomer, mathematician and physicist, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

James Bradley (1692-1762) English astronomer, born at Sherborne, near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. Appointed Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford (1721). As third Astronomer Royal (1742-1762) he followed Edmond Halley as director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory. Bradley discovered the aberration of light. From 'The Gallery of Portraits', Vol VI, by Charles Knight (London, 1836). Engraving.

William Smith (1769-1839), English geologist and founder of stratigraphic geology. He gained his knowledge of geological strata during his work as a canal surveyor. From Life of Sir Roderick I. Murchison by Archibald Geikie (London, 1875) . Engraving, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

Elias Howe (1819-67) American inventor. Constructed and patented sewing machine (1846)

William Herschel (1738-1822) German-born English astronomer: Discovered first new planet since ancient times, Uranus. Built telescopes including his famous 40-foot reflector. Engraving

John Booker(1603-1667), English astrologer, depicted with astronomical equipment.

Michel-Eugène Chevreul (1786-1889), French chemist. Engraving, 1873.

Portrait of Vincent Wing (1619-1668) an English astrologer and astronomer, as well as a land surveyor. Dated 17th Century

Faure, Charles Starts: Mellan, Clauded Scarcation: 1644/1688

William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828), English chemist, born at East Dereham, Norfolk, England. Wollaston discovered Palladium (1804), Rhodium (1805), and Ductile Platinum. In spectroscopy he worked on the Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum. From James Sheridan Muspratt 'Chemistry' London, c1860). Engraving.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Italian Mathematician, Astronomer, Physicist Artist Unknown Engraving Underwood Photo Archives, San Francisco, CA, USA

JOHN DOLLOND English optician; improved telescopic lenses Date: 1706 - 1761

John Dalton (1766-1844) English chemist and schoolmaster. Described colour blindness (Daltonism) from which both he and his brother suffered. Engraving.

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, 24 October 1632, 26 August 1723, Dutch naturalist and the most important microscopist of the 17th and early 18th century, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

NICOLAO COPERNICO

Roderick Impey Murchison 1792-1871) Scottish geologist, c1860. Defined Silurian system, 1835, Permian system, c1845, and in cooperation with Adam Sedgwick (1785-1873), the Devonian system. Fellow of the Royal Society, 1826. Director-general of the Geological Survey, 1855. President of the Royal Geographical Society, 1843. From 'The Illustrated News of the World', (London, c1861). Engraving.

Franz Joseph Gall (1758 - 1828), German neuroanatomist and physiologist

CHRISTIAN HUYGENS (1629-1695) DUTCH ASTRONOMER, MATHEMATICIAN AND PHYSICIAN.

HEINRICH ROSE German apothecary and chemist who rediscovered columbium and named it niobium, in 1844 : author of chemical books Date: 1795 - 1864

Steel engraving, ca. 1860, James Bradley FRS, 1693, 1762, English astronomer

Dr. Henry Moyes, lecturer on chemistry, at Edinburgh University. Copperplate engraving by John Kay from A Series of Original Portraits and Caricature Etchings, Hugh Paton, Edinburgh, 1842.

Wilberforce, vintage engraved illustration. Magasin Pittoresque 1867.

John Hunter 1728-1793, British surgeon, founder of pathological anatomy in England. From the book Gallery of Portraits, published in 1833, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

Stephen Hales, 1677 - 1761. English clergyman and scientist.

John Frederic Daniell (1790-1845) English chemist, physicist and meteorologist, his inventions included the Daniell cell, a wet cell battery and a hygrometer, from The Book of Days, published by Robert Chambers (London, 1869), Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

Huygens. - Drawing of Edward Garnier. of Edelinck after, vintage engraving. Huygens. - Drawing of Edward Garnier. of Edelinck after, vintage engraved illustration. Magasin Pittoresque 1875. Copyright: xZoonar.com/PatrickxGuenettex 10679673

Nevil Maskelyne, English astronomer, (1836).Artist: E Scriven

John Ray or Wray, Johannes Raius, 1627-1705, an English naturalist

Steel engraving, ca. 1860, Georges Cuvier or Jean Leopold Nicolas Frederic Cuvier, 1769, 1832, French naturalist and zoologist

René Descartes (1596-1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who invented analytic geometry, linking the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra. France. Europe. Old 19th century engraved illustration from Portraits et histoire des hommes utile by Societe Montyon et Franklin 1837

FAUSTO ELHUYAR (1755-1833). Spanish chemist, and the joint discoverer of tungsten with his brother Juan José Elhuyar in 1783. ELHUYAR Y LUBICE FAUSTO.

Sir William Jackson Hooker (1785-1865) was a British systematic botanist and lichenologist who authored over 259 taxon names. His son was also a famous botanist, Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, who succeeded him in the Directorship of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers (1758 - 1840), German physician and astronomer.

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