Historical Military Industry

Photographs depicting World War I military activities including gun manufacturing, bakery operations, and unloading materials for military use.

A view of the carpenter shop and transformer vaults at the Port of Embarkation, Fort Mason, California. The photograph was taken in April 1920 by Pvt. Fawcett of the S.C2 RECO. The image shows the structures and surroundings of the carpenter shop and vaults.

This photograph shows a forge shop where large guns are being manufactured as a part of the American military activities during World War I. It is a part of the Engineering Division of the Ordnance Department, taken in December 1918. The image captures the various types of ordnance being produced in the workshop.

A view of Track No. 8 at Camp Pullman, France, taken on November 20, 1918. The photograph shows the erection sheds and materials on the east side of the track. This image is part of the collection from the 21st Grand Division Transportation Corps and was taken by a photographer from the Signal Corps.

A field bakery operated by the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in France during World War I. The photograph captures a view of bread and ovens inside the bakery. The image was taken in 1917. The photographer and the location of the bakery are not specified.

Unloading yards at the Locomotive Assembling Plant in St. Nazaire, France during World War One. Photo taken by Captain P.D. Miller, S.C. in November 1917. The image shows a view of the yards with various items being unloaded for military use.

Chemists working in the oil station laboratory at the Port of Embarkation, Fort Mason, California during World War I. The photograph was taken in April 1920 and received in May 1920. It is part of a collection of photographs documenting American military activities during the war.

Soldier operating a saw mill in Holsplatz, France during World War One. This photo was taken on August 10, 1918 by Pvt. Price and was passed by the A.E.F. censor on September 6, 1918. Caption Reference: 111-SC-20526

A view of the carpenter shop and transformer vaults at the Port of Embarkation, Fort Mason, California. The photograph was taken in April 1920 by Pvt. Fawcett of the S.C2 RECO. The image shows the structures and surroundings of the carpenter shop and vaults.

Workers at the Salt Lake, Utah experiment station in the United States Bureau of Mines are using a "wind" machine to separate flake graphite from other impurities. This method utilizes the carrying power of air to transport the flaky material further than heavier rounded pieces of quartz and other impurities. This work aims to increase the domestic production of much-needed graphite during World War One.

Cramps shipbuilding yards in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania during World War One in 1919. This photograph was taken in Philadelphia, PA. The image shows a view of the shipbuilding yards. The shipyard is owned by Cramps Shipbuilding Company. The photo is from 1862, with the description issued by AU.

Soldiers at an American military boot and shoe manufacturing facility during World War I. The soldiers are seen inspecting and potentially repairing shoes as part of their duties. The image highlights the importance of proper footwear for military personnel during the war.

This photograph shows the entrance to the tunnel at the Rock Island Arsenal in Illinois. It was taken on January 31, 1919. The image highlights a cable run for telephone installations. The caption contains technical details from the official description issued by S.C. on April 2, 1919.

Enlisted men at Pennsylvania State College receiving instruction in the mechanism and operation of woodworking machinery. This photograph, taken in July 1918 by photographer Rice, is part of a series documenting American military activities during World War I. It was originally received from Penn State College for official use only.

This photograph, labeled as 111-SC-1038, showcases shipbuilding activities during World War One. It depicts workers in a shipyard building engines, specifically engines labeled as M 1038. The photographer's description states that the engines are being built for ships. The photograph was taken and issued for documentation purposes.

A photograph of Lt. Lubbe standing in front of the American Standard Metal Products Corporation in Paulsboro, NJ. The image shows a black powder pelleting machine with a guard marking labeled as A. The photograph was taken on December 31, 1918.

Private W. H. Eels, serving with the Signal Corps of the American military, is seen operating a gasoline engine in an emergency refrigerating plant at Gievres, France. The photograph was taken on July 30, 1918, and released by the A.E.F. Censor.

Transportation Corps of the 21st Grand Division repairing a pile trestle over a canal at the north yards of Camp Pullman, France. The photograph is numbered 57676 and was taken by an unknown photographer on September 14, 1918. The description on the back indicates its use for official purposes only.

Construction of the Carriage Machine Shop at the Ordnance Repair Shops in Mehun-sur-Yevre, France. Men can be seen installing machinery in the northeast corner of the building. This photograph was taken on August 31, 1918, and released by the A.E.F. Censor on November 22, 1918.

Photograph of a heating plant boiler No. 6 at the State War and Navy Building, displaying 231 horsepower and consisting of 108 tubes, measuring 4 inches in diameter and 18 feet in length. Taken on April 5, 1919, as evidenced by the description notes.

Pvt. W. H. Eels, S.C captured this photo on July 23¹18 at Warehouse #3 at the Mehun Ordnance Depot #4 in Mehun-sur-evre, France. The image shows the interior of the warehouse. The photograph was released by the A.E.F. Censor and the exact date of its release is unknown.

A big gun being manufactured at the Government Arsenal in Watervliet, N.Y. A crane is attached to the nozzle of the gun to aid in handling as it is moved out of the pit. The gun is seen in the process of being adjusted to the horizontal position.

Electrical storage room (number: 64,494) at PHCorps (location not specified) takes an 188UED symbol (unknown meaning) according to the description provided. The room is used for storing electrical equipment or supplies. An expenditure of $64,494 is mentioned in the notes.

Image shows the Chevron and Ornament Department in Warehouse M1, where orders are processed and shipped across the country. The photograph was taken on April 10, 1919, by photographer Sgt. Gray. The description number for this image is 47245. The accompanying notes indicate that it was issued on March 3rd.

A photograph taken at the Staten Island Shipyards during World War One, showing shipbuilding activities. The image is marked as 111-SC-1781, and the photographer is recorded as RECO. The caption states that the photograph depicts shipbuilding at the shipyards, with no further details provided.

Crew members build engines for ships during World War One.

Photograph depicting the manufacturing of fuses at the International Arms & Fuse Company plant in Bloomfield, NJ. The image shows twenty-one buffing lathes in the foreground and a spray and exhaust system in the background. The system draws powder dust towards a water back from each machine. The photograph also features a graded motor in the center and several parts enclosed in metal casings.

Interior of a technical workshop and storage facility at Sur Tille, France during World War One. The photograph shows a Decauville Railway and the method of storing supplies. It features Pvt. Boach, S.C. Released by A.E.F. Censor on 1-7-19. 111-SC-33531, taken on 11-5-18.

Women munition workers manufacturing 155mm shells in a Baltimore, MD factory during WWI. The women depicted in this photo are weighing powder for the shells. The photo was taken on November 16, 1918 and was received on November 13, 1918. It was issued after being passed by the M.I.D. censor on November 19, 1918. (Caption: Women weighing powder for munitions in a Baltimore factory during WWI.)

Pvt. J.W. Beach, S.C. photograph taken on Oct. 23, 1918, shows the finished truck of the Car and Construction Co. in La Rochelle, France. Each man has a specific part to do in the construction process. The photo was passed by the A.E.F. censor, but the exact date of censorship is not mentioned.

Interior of Carriage Machine Shop at the Ordnance Repair Shops in Mehune-sur-Yevre, Cher, France. Pvt.lst. Cl.N. McLaughlin captured the image on 31st August 1918. The photograph was later released by A.E.F. Cenfor on 22nd November 1918.

"PVT. N. A. Combs, a photographer, captures an image of a storage crate for a G.M.C. Class A. A. truck at Camp Holabird, Md. The truck weighs 1 ton and is seen on the left side. The crate is part of the box and operating department under the maintenance division of the M.T.C."

Employees at the San Francisco experiment station of the United States Bureau of Mines are engaged in war work. The station, led by petroleum technologist Chester Naramore, contributes to the war effort through research and experimentation related to petroleum. This photograph was taken on November 14, 1918.

111-SC-1761 - This photograph shows the Staten Island Shipyards during World War One. The photographer captured the shipbuilding activities in progress. The image includes various vessels being constructed. The tag H symbolizes shipbuilding. The image is labeled as number 1761 in the collection. The accompanying notes are labeled as 81761.

"Gun Manufacture: Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co. in Eddystone, PA. This image captured in April 1918 shows a line of polishing machines used in the manufacturing process. Photograph by Lt. N. McDonald. Image number 7327. Released by W. G. D. to Photo Biv. on April 16, 1918, subject to approval."

Sgt. Musler, a photographer, captured this image on December 18, 1918, in Leutesdorf, Germany. The photo shows a set of scales used to weigh coal, ensuring that each family receives an equal amount. Coal was sold by the pound, and the number of pounds allotted to each family was determined by their tickets for heat. This was part of the system in place to distribute coal during World War I.

"The photograph shows a blending machine in the foreground and a vacuum machine in the background. The vacuum machine is used to clean flour bags after they have been emptied. This image was taken in Advance Section No. 1, Q.M.C. in Is sur Tille, Cote d'Or, France during World War One. The photograph was taken by Sgt. G. Ryden on April 14, 1919, and received on November 24, 1919. It was issued on February 3, 1919."

This image shows workers engaged in shipbuilding activities during World War One. They are seen working on engines for ships, which were an essential component of naval vessels. The photograph was taken as a record of the efforts made to strengthen the military capabilities of the United States during this time.

111-SC-6057: A photograph taken in 1918 by Sichal Corps, it shows a tool rack in the production plant of Hart Motor Car Co. located in Berkeley, California. The image captures the organization and accessibility of tools within the plant during World War I.

Cpl. Wagner's photograph captures two cranes in operation on a deck in Bordeaux, France. The image was taken on Feb. 26, 1919, and is a part of the series documenting American military activities during World War One. The cranes are seen at Pour Docks in M. A. O. Inus and were used for logistical purposes.

Interior view of the boiler room at the Bassens refrigerating plant in Bassens, Gironde, France. This photograph was taken during World War I and captured the operational setting of the plant. The image shows the machinery and infrastructure used for refrigeration purposes.

Motor erecting shop at Naval Aviation Training Station, Warrington Beach, Pensacola, Florida. This image is part of the 2934 Signal Corps U.S.A. photographs taken on February 2, 1918. The photo was released by W.C.D. to the Photo Division and is labeled as 902934 tape.

"Baling machine at the Operation, Salvage and Reclamation Plant on Long Island. The machine, labeled SUNTE 53550, is used for baling. The photograph was taken on May 23, 1919, by S. Ca Thomas. The image is numbered 9053550 in the issued notes."

Soldiers stack hay and flammable materials next to a warehouse with a wooden frame roof in Bassens, France. This photograph was taken on January 4, 1919 by Lieutenant Strohmeyer. It is part of a collection documenting American military activities during World War One.

A group of stevedores, including African Americans, are seen busy loading rolls of tar paper onto a barge at the quays in Le Havre. This is the work of the Inland Water Transportation Co., formerly the 57th Engineers of the USA, which aims to transport supplies via inland waterways to relieve the burden on railroads during World War I. The tar paper is used to construct barracks for American troops. This photograph was taken on February 10, 1919, by photographer Corporal A.L. Lubatty.

Interior and exterior views of the Toloul Plant during World War I. The photograph was taken by N.A. Combs on February 6, 1919, and received on February 15, 1919. It shows the pumps used in the plant. The image was passed by the M.I.D. Censor on February 19, 1919.

Photograph of the supply room at Motor Vehicle Repair Park NUMBER 61,931 in France during World War One. The room is filled with various equipment and supplies. The photo was taken by the Signal Corps photographer and issued under the symbol FU. This image is a part of the A.E.F. (American Expeditionary Forces) in France.

A military truck being prepared for shipment overseas at Camp Hola-Bird, Maryland in 1918. The photograph shows a sectional view of the truck on skids, with a cushion tool box attached. This image was captured by Pvt. F.W. Craig, photographer, on August 30, 1918.

Interior view of a machine shop building at the Motor Transport Reconstruction Park in Verneuill, Nievre, France. In the photo, lathes can be seen in operation. The building measures 100' x 260'. The photograph was taken on October 23, 1918, by Pvt. Campbell, S. C. and received on December 13, 1919. It has been passed by the A.E.F. censor, but the exact date is not provided.

Image shows a method of scrapping main bushing seats located in the crank case by using a mandrell. The photo was taken in 1918 at the plant of Hall-Scott Car Co. in Berkeley, California. This technique was employed during World War One.

A worker at the Berkeley, California experiment station of the United States Bureau of Mines prepares a sample of California manganese ore for assaying. The employee, Edward H. Delius, is involved in war efforts under the supervision of D.A. Lyon, superintendent of stations. The photograph was taken on November 14, 1918.

Workers constructing a ship at Cramps shipyards in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1852. The photo was taken in 1919 by Photographer Reco. It shows the construction activity happening at the shipyards, which were an important location for shipbuilding during World War I.

The photograph shows a group of workers in a shipbuilding environment, specifically building engines for ships during World War One. This image is numbered 111-SC-1043 and was taken by photographer Reed. The workers are seen involved in the construction process, and this image was released to showcase the activities related to shipbuilding during the war. It is dated and recorded as 104, presumably for documentation purposes.

General view of a French mill in La Marche, Vosges, France. In comparison, the American mill on the other side only has a tractor running a roller saw, which is almost as efficient as the massive steam mill in the photo. Taken on April 14, 1919, by Lt. R. W. Sears, S.C. Reco number 631-P9 and 51967. Original description issued on December 17, 1918. Notes indicate photograph 1-3 31967.

Carpentry class in session at S.A.T.C. Technical High School in Springfield, Mass. Students can be seen working on various woodworking projects in the shop. Photograph taken by an official photographer on April 27, 1919. Image is authorized for official use only.

Interior of booster pumping station at 58th St., Newport News Development Co. The station is equipped with gas engines and centrifugal pumps. It has a daily capacity of 1,000,000 gallons. Photo taken by Sgt. Bonner, S.C. on 10/18/19. Description issued on 10/13/19. Notes: 9465.

This photograph shows the rear view of various buildings at the Motor Transport Reconstruction Park in Verneuill, Nievre, France during World War One. The blacksmith shop, sheet metal shop, and two machine shops are visible, as well as exterior iron racks. In the background, a steam crane made by Industrial Iron Works of Bay City, Michigan is depicted, with a brass foundry in the distant background. The date the photograph was taken and details about Pvt. Campbell are unknown. Caption: "Rear view of buildings at Motor Transport Reconstruction Park in Verneuill, Nievre, France during World War One."

Electric Power Plant viewed from CPI PHOTOGRAPHER REGD. This image shows an early 20th-century electric power plant in operation during World War One. The plant is surrounded by buildings and infrastructure, with smokestacks emitting smoke.

Interior of a room in a French camouflage factory during World War I. Women are seen working diligently to create camouflage materials. The location is Marbache, France. The photograph was released by A.E.F. Censor, but the specific date of the image is unknown.

Workers fitting and riveting under-frames for track No. 4 at Camp Pullman, France. This photo was taken on July 2nd, 1919, and is part of the collection from the 21st Grand Division Transportation Corps. The photograph was described and received on July 15, 1919.

Giant cranes in La Pallice, Charente Inferieure, France, loading supplies for engineers stationed at home during World War One. Photograph taken by Corporal S.C. Swain on November 26, 1918.

Workers in a manufacturing facility are seen assembling ordnance in this 1919 photograph. The numbers "56202" identify the specific ordnance being manufactured. The photograph was taken by Step in 1919. The caption includes some unexplained acronyms such as "T TUL TEL CCC TERVEYS."

Construction of temporary War Department building at 7th and B Streets, Washington, D.C. in 1917. The photo shows workers constructing the building, which was intended to be a temporary structure for the War Department during World War I.

Unloading locomotives from a ship onto flat cars in the yards of a locomotive assembling plant in Saint-Nazaire, Loire-Atlantique, France. The photo was taken on November 19, 1917 (#59923 S.C. Photographer #10).

"A cable being loaded for shipment at the Signal Corps Storage Yard in Supply Depot #2, Gievres, France. This photograph was taken by Pvt. L.P. Goldshlag, S.C. on July 25, 1918. It passed through the A.E.F. Censor on August 13, 1918."

A photograph showing shipbuilding activities at Hog Island, Pennsylvania during World War I. This image, numbered 1750 and taken by photographer Reco, depicts the construction process at the shipyard.

Classification yards at Base Section #2 in St. Sulpice, Gironde, France. The image shows the main switch in the foreground, with auxiliary switches leading to various tracks in the background. These switches allow for the efficient switching and classification of cars into trains, aiding military logistics during World War One. Photo taken on January 10, 1919, by Lt. Strohmeyer.

Photograph of Staten Island Shipyards during World War I. The image shows various ships being built at the shipyards. The photo was taken by photographer Reed and is numbered 1783. This image is one of many documenting American military activities during the war.

The photograph shows the railroad yards at the French Docks in Bassens, Gironde, France during World War One. It was taken by Lt. Strohmeyer, an S.C. photographer, on January 15, 1919. The image displays a number of railroad tracks and railway equipment in the docking area.

Exterior view of a truss constructed building at the Motor Transport Reconstruction Park in Verneuill, Nievre, France. The building is 650 feet long with 7 bays that are 50 feet wide and have 50 foot intervening spaces. Trucks are disassembled and assembled in these bays, except for the east bay that serves as a generator repair shop. Photo taken between Dec. 13, 1918, and Oct. 23, 1918, by Pvt. Campbell. Passed by A.E.F. censor, specific date not provided.

Anefo photo collection. Recovery. Draka cable. 1945. Amsterdam, Noord-Holland

Image depicting a female carpenter working in the ordnance shops of the Midvale Steel and Ordnance Co. in Philadelphia, PA. Photographer, Lt. Lubbe, captured the moment on December 31, 1918. The photograph is part of a collection documenting American military activities during World War I.

This photograph (111-SC-1044), taken by photographer SYL, shows workers in a shipbuilding facility during World War I. The image depicts the process of building engines for ships. It is one of the 188 photographs in the collection, documenting American military activities during the war.

Workers trimming the keel of a wooden ship in a shipyard in Tacoma, Washington. The photograph is part of a series depicting American military activities during World War One. It was taken by photographer Ed. N. Jackson in 1918 and released by W.C.D. to the Photo Division.

Construction underway for temporary War Department building at the intersection of 7th and B Streets, Washington, D.C. The photograph was taken in 1917, during World War One. The purpose was to construct these buildings to serve the military needs during the war.

A general view of a shop and dump car storage facility in Abainville, Meuse, France. The photograph was taken on March 1, 1919, by photographer Cpl. W. Beach. The shop and storage facility is operated by the Director of Light Railways and Roads. The photograph is numbered 49206 and was issued on January 24, 1919.

Lt. Lubbe supervises women workers at the International Fabricating Co. in Wilkes-Barre during World War I. This photo, taken on December 31, 1918, shows a group of women working on 4.7 shell casings in the ordnance shops.

Staten Island Shipyards in 1890. An image of shipbuilding activities at the shipyards on Staten Island during World War I. The photograph provides a glimpse into the construction and maintenance of military ships during this time period.

Machine shop showing tool room building B at Director of Light Railways and Roads, Abainville, Meuse, France. Photograph taken on 3-1-19 by 49202 cpl. W.J.Beach. The image was issued by Sumber Takes on 1-24-19 and has the reference number 1911-F9.

Interior view of a corrugated iron warehouse with wooden framing of roof and walls. The photograph, taken on January 7, 1919 by Lt. Strehmeyer, belongs to the Bureau of Fire Prevention. It was taken in St. Sulpice (Gironde), France.

U.S. soldiers working on a steel ship plate during World War One, 1918. The photograph, numbered 111-SC-4344, was taken by Photographer Red. The image shows a military activity, specifically the construction or repair of a steel ship. The caption is incomplete and indicates that it was issued with the C symbol and has additional notes, numbered 04544.

A photograph taken on December 26, 1918, by Pvt. W. J. Miller shows women workers in an ordnance plant. The specific location is the Ferro Machinery Foundry Company in Cleveland, Ohio. The image was passed by the M.I.D. censor on December 27, 1918. The assigned number for this photograph is 302501.

A photograph taken on December 17, 1917, shows workers at a Minnesota steel plant in Duluth handling iron ore metal and forming ingots. The image captures a moment of industrial activity during World War One, showcasing the role of the mining industry in supporting the war effort.

In this photograph from 1919, workers are seen painting airplane wings at a production facility. The image captures the process of applying paint to the wings, which were an essential part of the symbolic airplane parts. This photo belongs to the collection 111-SC-559 and bears the annotation "LG" with the additional notes 559 and ECD.

A technician adding final touches to a propeller blade during airplane construction. The photograph, taken in 1919, is a part of a series on airplane parts and propellers. Identification number: 111-SC-634, photographer: RECO, description: D TAGES AIRPLANE PARTS-PROPELLERS. C AU NOTES: 634.

"Garbage incinerator at Camp Pullman, France, utilized by the 21st Grand Division Transportation Corps during World War I. The photo, taken on February 13, 1918, was assigned the symbol E. The incinerator has a designated number 60813 for official use only."

War work at the Berkeley, California, experiment station of the United States Bureau of Mines, under the direction of D.A. Lyon, Superintendent of Stations. The station aimed to increase the supply of sulphur for the production of explosives during the war by researching sulphur ores in the western region.

Women munition workers in Baltimore, Maryland, manufacturing 155mm shells. The photograph depicts girls filling shells with powder. Taken on November 16, 1918, it has been reviewed and approved by the M.I.D. censor on November 19, 1918. Issued under note number 26295.

"Pvt. E. Trabold, S.C. captures a photo of women handling lumber at a French camouflage factory in Marbache, France during World War One. The image was released by A.E.F. Censor, but the date is not specified. Photo number: 22001."

Manufacturing of big guns at Government Arsenal in Watervliet, NY. This photograph shows the second floor of the shipping storehouse. The location is used to store infantry, cavalry, and horse equipment including pack outfits, trenching tools, and fencing equipment. Photo is released by the War Censor and approved for publication.

Manufacturing process of big shells during World War One. In this photo, a hot 14-inch shell forging is being removed at the Midvale Steel & Ordnance Co. The image was captured by Lt. N. McDonald on March 16, 1918, and released for historical documentation.

Aerial view of the Hydrogen Plant at the AJ Aviation Experiment Station in Hampton, Virginia. This photograph, numbered 111-SC-3863, was taken from a height of 1500 feet. The image shows the industrial complex and the surrounding landscape. Date of the photo is September 3, 1917.

Image of the Schwarzenback, Huber & Co. Plant in New York City, taken in 1919. The plant was engaged in the manufacturing of silk. The plant's unique symbol or identifier was 47578, and it was associated with the company Schwartzanbach, Huber & Co. New York City, N.Y.

Silk manufactured in the U.S. at the Schwarzenback, Huber & Co. plant in New York City. The photo shows the drawing ends of the warps into the harness, which is the mechanism used to make binding in the goods. This image is labeled 47379 and was for official use only.

"Photograph depicting old hand printing presses in Paris, France, taken in August 1918. The presses are being used to print maps in several colors. The image was passed by A.E.F. Censor and labeled as subject VV587, featuring Lt. Dutkewitch, S.C."

A 3" A.A. gun is being loaded onto a caterpillar tractor for transportation. Photograph taken in December 1918 by the photographer from the Marce 0508 Engr. Div. Ord. Dept. This image shows the loading process of the 1917 model gun-truck mount.

Interior of the stock room in the Motor Transportation Repair Shops in Cenay-la-Tour, near Verneuil, France. The photo shows the construction of cement floors. Privat... W. H. Bels from the Signal Corps took the picture. This image was released by the A. E. F. Censor, but the date is unknown.

Front view of an airplane engine during World War I aircraft manufacturing. The photograph, taken in Syrol, depicts a detailed view of the engine. This image is part of a collection of American military activities photographs during the war. Photo number 111-SC-6864. Photographer's status: Received.

Caption: The largest concrete ship ever built in America is under construction at the San Francisco Shipbuilding Co. In this photo, Mr. K. Comyn, President of the shipbuilding company, inspects the work on the bow of the vessel. Photographed by Lt. E.N. Jackson of the Signal Reserve Corps in March 1918. Censored and released on March 19, 1918, by the War College Division Laboratory. Documentation notes: 98291.

Image caption: Lumbering activity at Foundation Ship-Building Co in Tacoma, Washington during World War One. The photograph shows the keels being prepared for wooden ships. Date taken: January 1918. Photographer: Sted. N. Jackson. Laboratoory Notes: PAPRA19.

American engineers constructing a railroad bridge over the Loire River in Nevers, Nievre, France, during World War I. The bridge was built by the 16th and 23rd Engineers and was completed on October 18, 1918. The image was captured by Pvt. W.J.Beach.

Interior and exterior views of the Toloul plant during World War I. The image shows a gas scrubber, an essential piece of equipment used to eliminate harmful gas emissions. The photograph was taken by N. A. Comba on February 6, 1919, and issued with the number 37149. It was approved by the M.I.D. Censor on February 19, 1919.

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