Mars Craters and Geological Features

Images of Mars highlighting craters and terrain features, showcasing a mix of color variations and geological structures.

Seasonal Frost in Terra Sirenum
Seasonal Frost in Terra Sirenum
277 assets in this story
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Topographic Map of Pathfinder Landing Site
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This anaglyph view of 'Ender,' due south of the lander, was produced by NASA's Mars Pathfinder's Imager camera. 3D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
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This perspective view of Venus, generated by computer from NASA's Magellan data and color-coded with emissivity, shows part of the lowlands to the north of Ovda Regio. The prominent topographic feature is a shield volcano.
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This radargram profile from ESA's Mars Express and NASA's Mars Global Surveyor orbiter shows data from the subsurface of Mars in the ice-rich north polar plateau of Mars.
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These maps of four European cities show ECOSTRESS surface temperature images acquired in the early mornings of June 27 and 28, 2019, during a heatwave. The images have been sharpened to delineate key features such as airports. Airports and city centers are hotter than surrounding regions because they have more surfaces that retain heat (asphalt, concrete, etc.). ECOSTRESS launched on June 29, 2018, as part of a SpaceX commercial resupply mission to the International Space Station. Its primary mission is to detect plant health by monitoring Earth's surface temperature. However, surface temperature data are also useful in detecting other heat-related phenomena like heat waves, volcanoes and fires.
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These images and data products from NASA's Terra spacecraft documented extensive smoke from fires burning throughout Nigeria and north central Africa on January 31, 2003.
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Hematite Abundance Map at Echo
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Maps of Mars Global Topography
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This map shows the thickness of the south polar layered deposits of Mars, an ice-rich geologic unit that was probed by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS)
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The major volcanic eruption of Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma, Canary Islands, began on September 21, 2021. For three months, lava poured out of the volcanic ridge, and flowed to the sea, engulfed 3000+ dwellings. The October 4 ASTER thermal infrared image shows the first flow reaching the coast. On October 15, a second flow followed to the north. By December 19, activity had stopped, and the flows are cooling. The images cover an area of 32.5 by 49.3 km, and are located at 28.6 degrees north, 17.9 degrees west. With its 14 spectral bands from the visible to the thermal infrared wavelength region and its high spatial resolution of about 50 to 300 feet (15 to 90 meters), ASTER images Earth to map and monitor the changing surface of our planet. ASTER is one of five Earth-observing instruments launched Dec. 18, 1999, on Terra. The instrument was built by Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. A joint U.S./Japan science team is responsible for validation and calibration of the
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Radar Bright Deposits and Persistent Shadows
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On July 14, 2015, NASA's New Horizons spacecraft made its historic flight through the Pluto system. This detailed, high-quality global mosaic of Pluto's largest moon, Charon, was assembled from nearly all of the highest-resolution images obtained by the Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) and the Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC) on New Horizons. The mosaic is the most detailed and comprehensive global view yet of Charon's surface using New Horizons data. It includes topography data of the hemisphere visible to New Horizons during the spacecraft's closest approach. The topography is derived from digital stereo-image mapping tools that measure the parallax -- or the difference in the apparent relative positions -- of features on the surface obtained at different viewing angles during the encounter. Scientists use these parallax displacements of high and low terrain to estimate landform heights. The global mosaic has been overlain with transparent, colorized topography dat
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This image of California's Hayward fault is an interferogram created using a pair of images taken by ESA's ERS-1 and ERS-2 in June 1992 and September 1997 over the central San Francisco Bay in California.
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Many prominent rocks near the Sagan Memorial Station are featured in this image, from NASA's Mars Pathfinder. 'Flat Top' and 'Little Flat Top' are at center. 3-D glasses are necessary to identify surface detail.
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This view, made using images taken by NASA's Dawn spacecraft, features a tall conical mountain on Ceres. Elevations span a range of about 5 miles (8 kilometers) from the lowest places in this region to the highest terrains.
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This color-coded map shows the strength of surface gravity around Orientale basin on Earth's moon. This plot is zoomed in on the part of that map featuring Orientale basin, where NASA's two GRAIL spacecraft flew extremely low near the end of their mission
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This first glimpse of seasonal change shows the southern polar area of Saturn's moon Titan, using data from the Synthetic Aperture Radar instrument aboard NASA's Cassini spacecraft.
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This radar image, called a coseismic interferogram, using satellite data from the European Space Agency's Envisat depicts ground displacements resulting from the March 11, 2011, magnitude 9.0 Tohoku earthquake in Japan.
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Observations by NASA's Mars Odyssey spacecraft show a global view of Mars in high-energy, or fast, neutrons.
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Eclipse Images of Io (3 views)
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Dark spots (left) and 'fans' appear to scribble dusty hieroglyphics on top of the Martian south polar cap in two high-resolution Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Orbiter Camera images taken in southern spring
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Much of Honshu, Japan's largest island, is seen in this image generated from NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data on February 19, 2000.
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Phantom jets in simulated images produced by the scientists line up nicely with some of the features in real images from NASA's Cassini spacecraft that appear to be discrete columns of spray.
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Rules of Attraction
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The south pole of Jupiter is seen in this annotated image of data from the ultraviolet spectrograph (UVS) instrument aboard NASA's Juno spacecraft. Bands of bright white and blue near the south pole are Jupiter's southern aurora. But researchers also noticed an unusual bright flash of light well away from the auroral region, highlighted here by the yellow circle at about the 10 o'clock position (between longitudinal lines 270 and 240). Juno scientists believe it could be an indication of a bright, unpredictable, and extremely brief flash of light known as a transient luminous event that was triggered by lightning discharges from thunderstorms far below. The data for this UVS image was acquired on April 10, 2020.
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These polar maps show the first global, topographic mapping of Saturn's moon Titan, using data from NASA's Cassini mission. To create these maps, scientists employed a mathematical process called splining.
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Digital Elevation Model of Mercury's Northern Hemisphere
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Ashokan Reservoir in New York, is seen in this pair of images acquired by NASA's Terra satellite on September 18, 2000 and February 3, 2002.
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This is one of the highest resolution images ever recorded of Jupiter's temperature field. It was obtained by NASA's Galileo mission, with its Photopolarimeter-Radiometer (PPR) experiment, during the seventh of its 10 orbits around Jupiter to date.
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The Curiosity engineering team created this cylindrical projection view from images taken by NASA's Curiosity rover rear hazard avoidance cameras underneath the rover deck on Sol 0. Pictured here are the 'pigeon-toed' wheels in their stowed position from
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Tyrrhena Patera Mosaic
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This map is a mosaic of images obtained by NASA's Dawn's framing camera during the high-altitude mapping orbit phase. This map shows the distribution of dark materials on the surface of asteroid Vesta.
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D Ring Revelations
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Interpreting Radar View near Mars' South Pole, Orbit 1334
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This set of images from NASA's Cassini mission shows the turbulent power of a monster Saturn storm. The visible-light image in the back, obtained on Feb. 25, 2011 shows the turbulent clouds churning across the face of Saturn.
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This view of Callisto's Asgard multi-ring structure was taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft. The large bright/white area is the palimpsest or center of Asgard. The smaller bright area is the crater Tornasuk.
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GRAIL's 'Bouguer' Gravity Moon Map
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Opportunity's View, Sol 381 (Polar)
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Working with image data from NASA's Cassini mission, researchers have found evidence that Saturn's moon Enceladus may have tipped over, reorienting itself so that terrain closer to its original equator was relocated to the poles. This phenomenon is known as true polar wander. Researchers discovered a chain of basins across the surface of Enceladus along with a pair of depressions that line up with an equator and poles, respectively, if the moon's axis of rotation was reoriented by about 55 degrees of latitude. These maps look toward the icy moon's southern hemisphere, with colors representing highs and lows. Purple represents the lowest elevations, while red represents the highest. The map at left shows the surface of Enceladus in its possible ancient orientation, millions of years ago. The chain of basins representing topographic lows can be seen in blue and purple, running along the equator, with an additional low region around the original south pole. The region that encloses the mo
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Ammonia Ice near Jupiter's Great Red Spot
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WAC versus NAC
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The stimulus of gravity affects RNA production, which helps maintain the strength of human muscles on Earth (top), as seen in this section of muscle fiber taken from an astronaut before spaceflight. Astronauts in orbit and patients on Earth fighting muscle-wasting diseases need countermeasures to prevent muscle atrophy, indicated here with white lipid droplets (bottom) in the muscle sample taken from the same astronaut after spaceflight. Kerneth Baldwin of the University of California, Irvine, is conducting research on how reducing the stimulus of gravity affects production of the RNA that the body uses as a blueprint for making muscle proteins. Muscle proteins are what give muscles their strength, so when the RNA blueprints aren't available for producing new proteins to replace old ones -- a situation that occurs in microgravity -- the muscles atrophy. When the skeletal muscle system is exposed to microgravity during spaceflight, the muscles undergo a reduced mass that translates to a
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Two pairs of side-by-side, before and after images from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter illustrate changes in the shape of edges of dark sand dunes in the Nili Patera region of Mars.
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This graphic, using data from NASA's Cassini spacecraft, shows how the south polar terrain of Saturn's moon Enceladus emits much more power than scientists had originally predicted.
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Cancer of the right kidney, seen on an abdominal ultrasound scan.
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Lambert Equal-Area Projection of Pole-to-Equator
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. Perseverance AutoNav Avoids a Boulder. This animation is a playback of data recorded by NASA's Perseverance Mars rover during an autonomous drive on July 15, 2023, the 854th day, or sol, of the mission. During this drive, the rover identified and navigated around the 14-inch (35-centimeter) rock seen at center-left. The self-driving autonomous navigation system, AutoNav, allows the rover to autonomously re-plan its route around rocks or other obstacles on its way to a pre-established destination. Engineers driving the rover at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California use visualization software to plan how the rover moves around on Mars and to evaluate its performance. The lines seen emanating from the front of the rover are 20 feet (6 meters) long and indicate the paths the rover is evaluating for safety in real time, while driving. Lines that turn blue show where the rover identified a wheel drop hazard - where a wheel could drop more than 14 inches (35 centimeters).
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Interpreting Radar View near Mars' North Pole, Orbit 1512
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In late July 2010, flooding caused by heavy monsoon rains began in several regions of Pakistan. These images taken by NASA's Aqua spacecraft show were taken before and after the flooding.
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This image captured by NASA's Terra spacecraft is an enhanced 'true color' image of the Gulf of Mexico as it passed over the Deepwater Horizon oil slick on May 10, 2010.
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Three dimensional Visualization of Jupiter's Equatorial Region
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Scientists are all but certain that Europa has an ocean underneath its icy surface, but they do not know how thick this ice might be. This artist concept illustrates two possible cut-away views through Europa's ice shell.
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Ammonium nitrate crystallized, polarized light
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This is an image of Io, taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft during the G2 encounter in September 1996. This is a dayside image of Io (on the right) against the clouds of Jupiter (the blue background).
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The magnitude 9.2 Indian Ocean earthquake of December 26, 2004, produced broad regions of uplift and subsidence. In order to define the lateral extent and the downdip limit of rupture. This image is from NASA's Terra spacecraft.
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Proposed Mars Polar Lander Landing Site (Perspective View 1)
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Hotspots are seen in the vicinity of Prometheus, Volund and Marduk, all sites of volcanic plume activity during NASA's Galileo encounter in 1996.
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Waters, Waters Everywhere. Image from NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft.
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This biomass map of the Raco, Michigan, area was produced from data acquired by NASA's Spaceborne Imaging Radar C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) onboard space shuttle Endeavour.
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Out of more than 30 sites considered as possible landing targets for NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission, by November 2008 four of the most intriguing places on Mars rose to the final round of the site-selection process.
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This anaglyph, from NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, is of Honolulu, on the island of Oahu .3D glasses are necessary to view this image.
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The deep blue colors on this map of the south pole of Mars from NASA's Mars Odyssey spacecraft show where a low intensity of epithermal neutrons is found.
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Rays, Rays, Rays
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This image from NASA's Cassini, made possible only as Saturn's north pole emerged from winter darkness, shows new details of a jet stream that follows a hexagon-shaped path and has long puzzled scientists.
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NASA's Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer instrument (AVIRIS), flying aboard a NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center high-altitude ER-2 aircraft, flew over the wildfires burning in Southern California on Dec. 5, 2017 and acquired this false-color image. Active fires are visible in red, ground surfaces are in green and smoke is in blue. AVIRIS is an imaging spectrometer that observes light in visible and infrared wavelengths, measuring the full spectrum of radiated energy. Unlike regular cameras with three colors, AVIRIS has 224 spectral channels from the visible through the shortwave infrared. This permits mapping of fire temperatures, fractional coverage, and surface properties, including how much fuel is available for a fire. Spectroscopy is also valuable for characterizing forest drought conditions and health to assess fire risk. AVIRIS has been observing fire-prone areas in Southern California for many years, forming a growing time series of before/after data cubes. The
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Nearly the whole of the Gulf of Mexico was churning with the powerful winds and rains of Hurricane Katrina on August 28, 2005, when NASA's QuikScat satellite captured this image.
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This image is a Digital Terrain Model of the large Orientale Basin, located on the western hemisphere of the Moon.
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Highest-Resolution Picture of Io
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South Polar Cap Thermal Retreat (TES)
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Rock Outcrop Spectra
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Mount San Antonio (more commonly known as Mount Baldy) crowns the San Gabriel Mountains northeast of Los Angeles, Calif., in this anaglyph from NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. 3D glasses are necessary to view this image.
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Fish-Eye View of Phoenix Lander's Surroundings
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Faults in the Caloris Basin
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These images and overlay bar charts at 'Garden City' from the Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) instrument on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover indicate where some high-potassium material is localized within mineral veins.
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Eolian Features Provide a Glimpse of Candor Chasma Mineralology
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The Meseta de Somuncura is a semi-arid basalt plateau in northern Patagonia. This view of the northwestern part of the plateau, near Los Menucos, Argentina, shows numerous depressions where the upper basalt layers are missing or collapsed.
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Io's Prometheus Volcano at Various Resolutions
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Vero E6 cells infected with SARS. This is a three-dimensional reconstruction of an atomic force micrograph showing the puffy edge of a SARS infected Vero E6 culture cell. Intracellular viruses are visible just under the plasma membrane (arrows). Extruded virus particles are present on other areas of the cell surface (arrowheads). Thick white arrow shows a large clump of virus particles just beneath the plasma membrane.
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This global map of Mars was acquired on Aug. 2, 2012, by the Mars Color Imager instrument on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. One global map is generated each day to forecast weather conditions for the entry, descent and landing of NASA's Curiosity.
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Mapping the Moon, Point by Point
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Lake Eyre is a large salt lake situated between two deserts in one of Australia's driest regions. These four images from NASA's Terra spacecraft austral summers of 2000 and 2002.
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. An Annotated Guide to the First Orbital Image
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This is one of the highest resolution images ever recorded of Jupiter's temperature field. It was obtained by NASA's Galileo mission. This map, shown in the lower panel, indicates the forces powering Jovian winds.
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Observations by NASA's Mars Odyssey spacecraft show views of the polar regions of Mars in thermal neutrons (top) and epithermal neutrons (bottom). In these maps, deep blue indicates a low amount of neutrons and red indicates a high amount.
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Photograph of Influenza virus taken through a microscope. Influenza is commonly known as the flu. Also pictured if Tobacco mosaic virus taken through a microscope. TMV is a virus that infects a number of plants. Dated 20th Century
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Tokyo, located on the island of Honshu, with Mt. Fuji in the background as seen in this image generated from NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data on February 21, 2000.
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Propeller Close Up
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This graphic depicting the bulk density of the lunar highlands on the near and far sides of the moon was generated using gravity data from NASA's GRAIL mission and topography data from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.
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Io: Cylindrical Projection
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A Fresh Crater Drills to Tharsis Bedrock
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This montage is a sequence of soft x-ray photographs of the boot-shaped coronal hole rotating with the sun. The individual pictures were taken about 2 days apart by the Skylab telescope. Most of the apparent changes in this 6-day period resulted from a changing perspective. Skylab data helped demonstrate that coronal holes are sources of high-velocity streams in the solar wind. These high-velocity streams can be electrons, protons, and atomic nuclei that spray out from the Sun into interplanetary space. When the coronal hole is near the center of the Sun, as in view 2, the sprinkler is directed at Earth. These high-speed streams of solar wind distort Earth's magnetic field and disturb it's upper atmosphere.
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A sequence of 12 images showing the evolution of the aurora borealis, arranged in two columns.
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Cancer of the right kidney, seen on an abdominal ultrasound scan.
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The Coachella Valley is a major agricultural region of California, growing fruit and produce throughout the year. This image was acquired by NASA's Terra satellite on June 4, 2000.
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JPL-led study shows bromine explosion on March 13, 2008 across the western Northwest Territories in Canada looking toward the Mackenzie Mountains at the horizon, which prevented the bromine from crossing over into Alaska.
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Uterus cancer. Frontal pelvis x-ray. (Photo by: CAVALLINI JAMES/BSIP/UIG)
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Venous doppler test in the lower limbs (observation of the after-effects post-phlebitis).
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This map shows a dramatically improved view of heat radiation from a warm fissure near the south pole of Saturn's icy moon Enceladus. It was obtained by NASA's Cassini spacecraft during its Nov. 21, 2009, flyby of that moon.
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Watching molecules of the iron-storing protein apoferritin come together to form a nucleus reveals some interesting behavior. In this series of images, researchers observed clusters of four molecules at the corners of a diamond shape (top). As more molecules attach to the cluster, they arrange themselves into rods (second from top), and a raft-like configuration of molecules forms the critical nucleus (third from top), suggesting that crystal growth is much slower than it could be were the molecules arranged in a more compact formation. In the final image, a crystallite consisting of three layers containing approximately 60 to 70 molecules each is formed. Atomic force microscopy made visualizing the process of nucleation possible for the first time. The principal investigator is Peter Vekilov, of the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Vekilov's team at UAH studies protein solutions as they change phases from liquids to crystalline solids. They want to know if the molecules in the sol
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Volcanic 'hot spots' are seen in this color temperature map of the Prometheus volcano on Jupiter's moon Io created with data obtained by NASA's Galileo and Voyager spacecraft.