Reformers and Thinkers

Engravings of historical reformers and thinkers from the 16th to 18th centuries, characterized by thoughtful expressions and scholarly attire.

Nicholas Lemery (1645-1715) French chemist. From Alexandre Saverien 'Histoire des Philosophes Modernes', Paris, 1762

Johannes Bugenhagen born 24 June 1485, died 20 April 1558, also called Doctor Pomeranus, was an important German reformer, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original

Historical drawing from the U.S. history of the 17th century, portrait of Reverend Roger Williams, 1599 - 1683, founder of the State of Rhode Island

Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (1727-1781), French politician and economist. Artist: Unknown

Portrait of Albrecht Durer, 1629, (1936). Artist: Andreas Stock

Porträt von Carl Gustav von Pfalz-Zweibrücken, Bremen-Verden, digitale verbesserte Datei eines Originaldrucks aus dem 19. Jahrhert, Pfalzgraf bei Rhei...

SIR MATTHEW HALE, UK, engraving 1881 - 1884

Hendrick van der Burch 1627- ca.1666 Dutch painter, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

Jonathan Swift, after the engraving by Bolt, Illustration, Ridpath's History of the World, Volume III, by John Clark Ridpath, LL. D., Merrill & Baker Publishers, New York, 1897

Historical drawing from the 19th Century, portrait of William III of Orange-Nassau, 1650-1702, Stadtholder of the Netherlands and King of England, Scotland and Ireland

Amerigo Vespucci, Italian navigator and explorer

Alberti, Leon Battista Stecher: Cecchi, Giovanni Battistaentwerfer: Vasari, Giorgio

Portrait of Pietro di Noceto (1436-1501) Lucca. Tuscany, Central Italy. Europe. Small Towns and Great Art in Tuscany by Henri Belle (1837-1890) Old 19th century engraving from Le Tour du Monde 1880

Cosimo de' Medici il Vecchio, 1389, 1464, was a statesman, banker and patron of the arts who steered the politics of his native Florence for decades, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, exact date unknown

Sigbert Count Heister, 1646, 22 February 1718, was an Austrian field marshal, Historical, digital reproduction of an original 19th century master copy

Historic print, copper engraving, 1688, portrait of Daniel Casper also known as Casper von Lohenstein, 1635 - 1683, a German lawyer, diplomat and poet of the Silesian baroque, from Bildatlas zur Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalliteratur, an illustrated atlas by Gustav Koennecke, 1887

James Edward Oglethorpe (1696-1785) was an English general and the founder of the colony of Georgia, which he established in 1733 as a refuge for imprisoned debtors.

Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) Polish astronomer. In 1543 he published De revolutionibus orbium coelestium in which he put forward proof of a Heliocentric (sun- centred) universe. Coloured stipple engraving published London 1802.

Historic print, copper engraving, portrait of Friedrich von Hagedorn, 1708 - 1754, a German poet of the Rococo period, from Bildatlas zur Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalliteratur, an illustrated atlas by Gustav Koennecke, 1887

Thomas Burnet (born around 1635 at Croft-on-Tees near Darlington, died 27 September 1715) was an English theologian and theorist on cosmogony, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

Martin Luther,1483-1546. German theologian and religious reformer.Engraved by Pannemaker-Ligny after H Catenaggi. From ""Histoire de la Revolution Francaise"" by Louis Blanc.

Gundulic, Ivan .

The master Italian painter Raphael (1483-1520) was one of the great architects of the High Renaissance.

kk Hofkriegsrat, historical, digitally restored reproduction from an original from the 19th century.

Historic print, copper engraving, 1789, portrait of Johann Heinrich Jung also known as Jung-Stilling, 1740-1817, a German eye doctor, economist and writer, from Bildatlas zur Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalliteratur, an illustrated atlas by Gustav Koennecke, 1887

Portrait of King Charles VI of France (1368-1422) a member of the House of Valois. Dated 15th Century

Pedro de Vera Mendoza (-1505). Castilian conquistador who conquered the island of Gran Canaria, of which he was governor between 1480 and 1491. Portrait. Drawing by Salcedo. Lithography. Detail. Crónica General de España, Historia Ilustrada y Descriptiva de sus Provincias (General Chronicle of Spain, Illustrated and Descriptive History of its Provinces), Canaries, 1871. Author: Isidoro Salcedo. Spanish painter, lithographer and cartoonist,19th century.

Jacob Brill (1639-1700) Dutch philosopher and follower of Spinoza. Engraving from From 'Icones Virorum' by Friedrich Roth-Scholtz (Nuremberg, 1725).

Portrait of Sir Thomas Cavendish (1560-1592) an English explorer and a privateer known as 'The Navigator'

Jean Debry (Jean-Antoine-Joseph de Bry) (1760-1834). French politician during the French Revolution. President of the National Convention (21 March to 4 April 1793). Portrait. Drawing by Lienard. Engraving by Pannemaker. ""History of the French Revolution"". Volume I, 1876.

Magnus Gottfried Lichtwer the Younger, 30 January 1719 - 7 July 1783, a German jurist and fabulist in the Age of Enlightenment / Magnus Gottfried Lichtwer der Jüngere, 30. Januar 1719 - 7. Juli 1783, ein deutscher Jurist und Fabeldichter in der Zeit der Aufklärung, Historisch, historical, digital improved reproduction of an original from the 19th century / digitale Reproduktion einer Originalvorlage aus dem 19. Jahrhundert,.

Sarah Franklin Bache, American revolutionary war patriot, 1872. Artist: Unknown

Werner, Zacharias.

Nicolas Malebranche, (born de), (born 6 August 1638 in Paris, died 13 October 1715 in Paris) was a French philosopher and oratorian, coloured woodcut from Crabbe's Historical Dictionary from 1825, Historical, digital reproduction

Friedrich Schiller (Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller) (1759-1805). German writer. Portrait. Chromolithography. "Historia Universal", by Cesar Cantu. Volume IX, 1881.

Bartolome Esteban Murillo (1618-1682), Spanish painter, historical illustration, circa 1886

Historical print, portrait of Elizabeth Schiller, 1732 - 1802, nee Kodweiss, the mother of Friedrich von Schiller, from the Bildatlas zur Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalliteratur, Illustrated Atlas of the History of German National Literature by Gustav Koennecke, 1887

Paulus Pontius 1603-1658 Flemish artist From 75 Portraits Of Celebrated Painters From Authentic Originals etched by James Girtin Published London 1817

Charles II, the Bewitched (1661-1700). King of Spain (1665-1700). Last member of the Spanish branch of the Habsburg. Portrait. Engraving by Masson. Lithography by Magín Pujadas. Detail. Historia General de España, by Modesto Lafuente. Volume III. Published in Barcelona, 1879. Author: Magín Pujadas. 19th-century Spanish engraver and lithographer. Alphonse Masson (1810/14-1898). French etcher.

Justus Jonas, 1493 - 1555, reformer and friend of Luther, portrait, historical illustration, 1880

Historical drawing from the 19th century, portrait of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1646 - 1716, a German philosopher and scientist, mathematician, diplomat, physicist, historian, politician, librarian, and doctor of the secular and the ecclesiastical law in the early Enlightenment

George Monck 1st Duke of Albemarle Earl of Torrington Baron Monck of Potheridge Beauchamp and Teyes 1608-1670 English General who fought in Ireland and Scotland during the English Civil Wars from the book Crabbs Historical Dictionary from 1825, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

Carl von Linné, Carolus Linnaeus, Carl Nilsson Linnaeus, 23 May 1707 - 10 January 1778, a Swedish naturalist / Carl von Linné, Carolus Linnaeus, Carl Nilsson Linnaeus, 23. Mai 1707 - 10. Januar 1778, ein schwedischer Naturforscher, Historisch, historical, digital improved reproduction of an original from the 19th century / digitale Reproduktion einer Originalvorlage aus dem 19. Jahrhundert,.

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Italian explorer, navigator and colonizer. Old 19th century engraved illustration from La Nature 1893

Friedrich Hoelderlin. Historical illustration from Otto von Leixner: Illustrated history of German literature. Leipzig and Berlin 1880

Lady Jane Grey, vintage engraved illustration. Colorful History of England, 1837.

Sir Philip Sidney (1554 - 1586) - writer, depicted wearing a remarkably large ruff even by Elizabethan standards !

Pocahontas, vintage engraved illustration. Magasin Pittoresque 1861.

Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated, Abbé Charles-Michel de l'Epée (* 25 November 1712 in Versailles, 23 December 1789 in Paris) was a pioneer of deaf education

Bartolome Esteban Murillo (1617-1682). Spanish Baroque painter. Portrait. Engraving, 1879.

Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin, KG, 15 June 1645, 15 September 1712, was one of the leading British politicians of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Historical, digitally restored reproduction of a nineteenth century original

David Teniers (baptized 15 December 1610 in Antwerp, d. 25 April 1690 in Brussels), Flemish painter, draughtsman and curator, Historical, digitally restored reproduction of a 19th-century original.

The Younger Winthrop, Illustration, Ridpath's History of the World, Volume III, by John Clark Ridpath, LL. D., Merrill & Baker Publishers, New York, 1897

King James I, (1566-1625). Artist: Unknown

Jean Baptiste Monnoyer circa 1636-1699 Franco-Flemish artist, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

John Pym, Illustration, Ridpath's History of the World, Volume III, by John Clark Ridpath, LL. D., Merrill & Baker Publishers, New York, 1897

Jose Nicolas de Azara (1731-1804) Spanish diplomat and patron of art and literature. Late 18th century copperplate engraving

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, 1606, 1669, Dutch painter of the Baroque

Edward Thurlow, 1st Baron Thurlow, (born 9 December 1731 in Bracon Ash, Norfolk, died 12 September 1806) was a British politician, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

Tommaso Cornelio. Lithograph by Forino.

Historical print from the 19th century, portrait of Honore de Balzac, 1799 - 1850, a French writer

Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg, 3 January 1737, 1 November 1823, pseudonyms: Ohle Madsen, Zacharias Jernstrup, Irmenfried Wetstein, was a German poet and critic who was in Danish service for a long time, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century, original date unknown

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, 1646 - 1716, portrait, historic illustration, 1880

Portrait of Reynolds after himself, vintage engraved illustration. Magasin Pittoresque 1852.

Maarten Tromp, 1598 - 1653, Admiral of the Netherlands, woodcut from 1880

Engraving depicts Gregorio Vásquez (1638-1711) a Colombian painter. Dated 18th Century

Thomas Cranmer, 1489 to 1556, Protestant Maertyrer, historical, digitally restored reproduction of a template from the 19th century, Record Date Not Stated,

Friedrich Mueller called painter Mueller, Historical illustration from Otto von Leixner: Illustrated history of German literature, Leipzig and Berlin 1880, Germany, Europe

Mik. Copernicus Mikołaj Kopernik Żychowicz, Teofil (Fl. Ca 1840/1852), Stachowicz, Michał (1768 1825), Litographic Department of Marcin Jabłoński (Lviv)

Woodcut, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, Bernhard Herzog von Sachsen-Weimar, portrait

The Man with the Flute. Artist: Cornelis Bloemaert (Dutch, Utrecht 1603-1684 Rome). Dimensions: image: 5 1/2 x 4 5/16 in. (14 x 10.9 cm)sheet: 6 3/8 x 4 7/16 in. (16.2 x 11.3 cm). Date: 1625. Museum: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.

Hieronymus Bosch circa 1450, 1516 Dutch artist, Historic, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

England: c. 1670 An engraving of noted English legal scholar, jurist, and judge Matthew Hale.

Christopher Wren (1632-1723) English architect, mathematician and physicist. Early 20th century chromolithograph after portrait by Kneller.

GERARD ZOEST German artist Date: 1637 - 1681

William Cowper (born 26 November 1731 in Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire, died 25 April 1800 in East Dereham, Norfolk) was an English poet, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

Josef Speckbacher, vintage engraving. Josef Speckbacher vintage engraved illustration. Magasin Pittoresque 1846. Copyright: xZoonar.com/PatrickxGuenettex 10673311

Portrait of Pius VII, print maker: Samuel Amsler, (mentioned on object), intermediary draughtsman: C. Herrmann, (mentioned on object), Samuel Amsler, (possibly), print maker: Wildegg, intermediary draughtsman: Germany, Wildegg, 1820, paper, engraving, h 267 mm × w 199 mm

Francis II, 19 January 1544, 5 December 1560, King of France, 1880, woodcut, France, Europe

Guy XVII de Laval or Claude XVII, Count de Laval, French nobleman, 1522-1547. Handcoloured copperplate engraving by Francis Bartolozzi after Hans Holbein from Facsimiles of Original Drawings by Hans Holbein, Hamilton, Adams, London, 1884.

Charles Albrecht of Bavaria (born 6 August 1697) (died 20 January 1745) of the House of Wittelsbach was Elector and Duke of Bavaria as Charles I from 1726 to 1745. After the death of Emperor Charles VI in 1740, from 1742 to 1745 as Charles VII Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Historical, digitally restored reproduction of a 19th century original, exact original date unknown

Museum Fabre in Montpellier. A Portrait by Raphael, vintage engraving. Museum Fabre in Montpellier. A Portrait by Raphael, vintage engraved illustration. Magasin Pittoresque 1846. Copyright: xZoonar.com/PatrickxGuenettex 10673269

Edouard Vogel, German traveler

historical illustration

William Blackstone born July 10, 1723 in City of London, died February 14, 1780 in Wallingford was an English lawyer, judge, professor and member of Parliament, historically, digitally restored reproduction of a template from the 19th century, record date not stated,

Döring, Georg.

Christopher Columbus, bust portrait

Woodcut, Carl von Linné, portrait

Christopher COLUMBUS, 1451-1506 Italian (Genoese) explorer, 19th century

SANCHEZ DE LAS BROZAS , FRANCISCO. EL BROCENSE. HUMANISTA ESPAÑOL . BROZAS 1532 - 1600. GRABADO RETRATO DE " VARONES ILUSTRES ". CALCOGRAFIA NACIONAL . MADRID.

William Penn geb. 14. Oktober 1644 in London, gest. 30. Juli 1718 in Ruscombe, Berkshire gründete die Kolonie Pennsylvania im Gebiet der heutigen USA, Historisch, digital restaurierte Reproduktion von einer Vorlage aus dem 19. Jahrhundert, Record date not stated,

Donato Bramante, also Donino or Donnino, 1444-1514, Italian architect. From the book Gallery of Portraits, 1833, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

Antisthenes, born around 445 BC, died around 365 BC, Greek philosopher and disciple of Socrates. From the book Crabbes Historical Dictionary, published in 1825, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

Erasmus Desiderius of Rotterdam was a Dutch Renaissance humanist. He lived from 1466 to 1536. Erasmus was also a Catholic priest, a social critic, a teacher, and a theologian. He wrote many works, and one of the best known is Praise of Folly.

Francois-Marie Arouet (1694 - 1778) the French writer and philosopher at his desk

Marguerite de Navarre, 1492 - 1549, Queen of Navarre

Don Bernard de Montfaucon, (born 16 January 1655 in the castle of Soulatge in Languedoc, France, died 21 December 1741 in Paris) was a French scholar and palaeographer, coloured woodcut from Crabbe's Historical Dictionary from 1825, Historical, digital reproduction, Europe

Samuel Adams, Illustration, Ridpath's History of the World, Volume III, by John Clark Ridpath, LL. D., Merrill & Baker Publishers, New York, 1897

Jean Bolland, vintage engraving. Jean Bolland, vintage engraved illustration. Magasin Pittoresque 1876. Copyright: xZoonar.com/PatrickxGuenettex 10679814

Portrait of beautiful Maani Giorida, wife of Peter Della alle, vintage engraved illustration. Magasin Pittoresque 1841.

Bust 1776-1883 After Jean-Baptiste Nini Italian. Bust 480

of 2