19th Century Scientific Figures

Illustrations of notable 19th-century inventors and engineers, each contributing to various fields such as paleontology and technology.

Othniel Charles Marsh (1831-1899), American paleontologists discovered and named 80 dinosaur fossils found in the American West. His discoveries now form the core of the Yale University's Peabody Museum.

Nicolaus August Otto (June 10, 1832 to January 26, 1891) was a German inventor of many details still used today in combustion engines. Historical, digitally enhanced reproduction of a model from the 19th century.

Illustration showing Joseph Croce-Spinelli, aeronaut and engineer, killed on 15 April 1875 in a balloon accident at Ciron, France in which Gaston Tissandier was the only survivor

Othniel Charles Marsh (1831-1899), American paleontologists discovered and named 80 dinosaur fossils found in the American West. His discoveries now form the core of the Yale University's Peabody Museum.

Leopold Alexander Friedrich Arends, 4 December 1817, 22 December 1882, German stenographer and system inventor, historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Louis Francois Clement Breguet (1804-1883) French pioneer of electric telegraphy. Engraving from 'Les Merveilles de la Science' by Louis Figuier (Paris, c1870).

Manuel Fernández de Castro y Suero (Madrid 1825 - 1895) was a Spanish mining engineer, known mainly for his studies on geology of the Island of Cuba. He contributed to the realization of the geological map of Spain. From La Ilustracion Española y Americana 1895

Louis Pasteur (1822-95) studied chemistry under Delafosse. He discovered the nature of the fermentation and went on to research his germ theory of disease. He demonstrated that vaccinating cattle with strains of anthrax protected them against infections from subsequent inoculations. He used this theory in the treatment against Rabies. Date: 1884

Manuel Fernández de Castro y Suero (Madrid 1825 - 1895) was a Spanish mining engineer, known mainly for his studies on geology of the Island of Cuba. He contributed to the realization of the geological map of Spain. From La Ilustracion Española y Americana 1895

Wilhelm Julius Foerster, 1832 - 1921, a German astronomer, historical engraving, about 1889

Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel. Photogravure after F. Haack.

WILLIAM CRAWFORD WILLIAMSON scientist Date: 1816 - 1895

MORSE, SAMUEL. AMERICAN PHYSICIST AND INVENTOR. ENGRAVED PORTRAIT. NATIONAL LIBRARY. MADRID.

Wilhelm Julius Foerster, 1832, 1921, a German astronomer, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, a German astronomer, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original

LOUIS AGASSIZ Swiss-American scientist Date: 1807 - 1873

Illustration showing William Alexander HAMMOND (1828-1900); American physician 1882

John Tyndall FRS (1820-1893) was a prominent 19th century Irish physicist. His scientific fame began with his study of diamagnetism. He made discoveries in the fields of infrared radiation and the physical properties of air, in 1859 he demonstrated the connection between atmospheric CO2 and what is now known as the greenhouse effect. Old 19th century engraved illustration from La Nature 1893

Juan Vilanova Piera (1821-1893). Spanish Naturalist and Geologist. Engraving by Arturo Carretero (1852-1903). The Spanish and American Illustration, 1889.

Paul-Gustave Froment (1815 -1865); French mechanic, instrument maker and inventor. Drawing 1870

James Prescott Joule (24 December 1818, 11 October 1889) was a British brewer who achieved great distinction as a physicist, 1889, Historic, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

John Watkins Brett (1805-1863), English submarine telegraph engineer. Engraving, 1873.

Otto Wilhelm Struve (1819-1905) German astronomer, born at Dorpat. He followed his father, Friedrich Struve, as director of Pulkova Observatory near St Petersburg, Russia. Two of his sons became astronomers, and his grandson Otto became director of Yerkes and Macdonald observatories in the United States (1932). Lithograph.

Illustration showing James Prescott Joule (1818 - 1889); English physicist, mathematician and brewer,

Illustration showing Etienne Lenoir (1822-1900). French inventor and engineer (Gas engine circa 1859)

ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910). Médico y bacteriólogo alemán. Descubridor del bacillum de la Tuberculosis y del procedimiento para curarla. Grabado por Rico. "La Ilustración Española y Americana". 1890.

Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875), English scientist and inventor. Engraving, 1873.

Théodose Achille Louis Vicomte du Moncel. Théodore du Moncel (1821-1884) was a prominent French physicist and advocate of the use of electricity. In 1879 he founded the journal La lumière électrique. Old 19th century engraved illustration from La Nature 1883

Historical illustration from the 19th Century, portrait of Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, 1803 - 1879, a German physicist and meteorologist

JOHN LINDLEY Professor of botany Date: 1799 - 1865

Henry Bessemer (1813-1893) English engineer, inventor and industrialist. Among his inventions were the Bessemer steel process and the Bessemer converter. Engraving from 'Great Industries of Great Britain' (London, c1880)

Wilhelm Conrad von Roentgen (1845-1913) German physicist and Discoverer of X-rays, Awarded first Nobel prize for physics, 1901, Engraving, 1902

medicine, diseases, hardness of hearing, man with patent pocket ear trumpet by Leiter, wood engraving, from: Friedrich Eduard Bilz, New Naturopathic Treatment, Leipzig, Germany, 1902,

Eugène Bourdon (1808-1884) was a French watchmaker and engineer. He is the inventor of the Bourdon tube pressure gauge for which he obtained a patent in 1849. Old 19th century engraved illustration from La Nature 1884

Asa Gray (1810-1888) American botanist. Specialist on Japanese flora. Friend of Charles Darwin. Accepted Natural Selection as force in evolution but, as devout Protestant, could not accept it was only cause. Wood engraving 1886

Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz, 6 October 1836, 23 January 1921, German anatomist, famous for consolidating the neuron theory for the organisation of the nervous system and for naming the chromosome, professor and physician, digitally restored reproduction of a 19th century original, exact original date not known

THOMAS SULMAN architectural draughtsman who did bird's-eye-view illustrations for the Illustrated London News. Date: LATE 19TH CENTURY

CAPTAIN M.F. MAURY, THE MARINE GEOGRAPHER, 1866

Henry Bessemer (1813-1893) English engineer, inventor and industrialist. His inventions included the Bessemer steel process and the Bessemer converter, Historic, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original, Record date not stated

Vanity Fair - Doctors and Scientists. 'Astronomy'. Mr. Richard Anthony Proctor. 3 March 1883, Leslie Matthew 'Spy' Ward, 1851-1922, British, 1883, Chromolithograph

Otto Lilienthal (1848 - 1896); German pioneer of aviation who became known as the flying man. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful flights with gliders. Drawing 1910

August Wilhelm Hofmann, from 1888 von Hofmann, 8 April 1818, 5 May 1892, a German chemist and decisive pioneer for the research of aniline dyes in England and Germany, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Ferdinand Jacob Redtenbacher, 25 July 1809, 16 April 1863, was Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Technical University of Karlsruhe from 1841 until his death and founder of scientific mechanical engineering, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

William Huggins (1824-1910) British astronomer and spectroscopist. Inventor of solar spectroscope. 'Spy' (Leslie Ward) cartoon from Vanity Fair London 1903

MICHAEL FARADAY (1791-1867). British physicist and chemist, discoverer of the phenomena of electromagnetic induction. Engraving 19th century.

Christoph Hendrick Diderick Buys-Ballot (1817-1890) Dutch meteorologist and physical chemist. Engraving from 'Der Stein der Weisen' (Leipzig c1895).

Jean-Baptiste Marcellin Jobard (1792-1861), litógrafo, fotógrafo e inventor belga de origen francés. Grabado de 1873.

Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (1845 - 1922), who in 1880 in Algeria discovered the Malarial parasite. Nobel Laureate 1907

Thomas Thomson (1773-1852), Scottish chemist born at Crieff, Perthshire. Regius professor of chemistry at Glasgow university (1817). From James Sheridan Muspratt 'Chemistry' (London, c1860). Engraving. B

Angelo Secchi, 28 June 1818, 26 February 1878, was an Italian Jesuit, physicist and astronomer. As director of the Vatican Observatory, he researched the solar corona, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Vanity Fair: Doctors and Scientists; 'Astronomy', Mr. Richard Anthony Proctor, March 3, 1883, Leslie Matthew 'Spy' Ward, 1851-1922, British, 1883, Chromolithograph

Johann Samuel Heinrich Kiepert, 1818 - 1899, German geographer and cartographer, wood engraving, 1880

Max von Pettenkofer (1818-1901) German chemist and physician. Professor of Hygiene, Munich University, from 1865. Engraving.

George Birkbeck (1776-1841) English Quaker physician, philanthropist and pioneer of adult education, born at Settle, Yorkshire, who settled in London in 1804. A founder of the Mechanics' Institute Movement. The London Mechanics' Institute (1823) became Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution (1866) and Birkbeck College (1907). In 1920 it became part of the University of London. Engraving, 1869.

Eduardo Leon y Ortiz (19th century). Spanish professor at the Faculty of Sciences of the Central University. Engraving. La Ilustracion Espanola y Americana, 1892. Colored.

Carl Paul Gottfried Linde (11 June 1842, 16 November 1934), German scientist, engineer, and businessman, 1879, historical woodcut, Germany, Europe

Dr. Martin Bachmann, physician and bacteriologist for the VALDIVIA Expedition, died January 14, 1899

PASTEUR, Louis (1822-1895) French chemist and bacteriologist.

Sir THOMAS SPENCER WELLS surgeon Date: 1818 - 1897

Payen, Anselme (1795-1871), French chemist. Engraving, 1865.

GALILEO FERRARIS Italian physicist, discoverer of the rotating magnetic field. Date: 1847 - 1897

EDISON, Thomas Alva (1847-1931). United States scientist and inventor. Portrait published in L'Illustration. Engraving.

Benjamin Silliman, M.D., L.L.D., professor of chemistry, geology and mineralogy in Yale College.. Prints. 1777 - 1890. The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection. Silliman, Benjamin, 1779-1864

Friedrich Wöhler, 31 July 1800, 23 September 1882, German chemist

Jacob Moleschott, 1822 - 1893, dutch physiologist and physician, historical illustration circa 1893

Isaac Lea (1792-1886) American publisher, geologist and conchologist. 1896. President Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1858-1863. (New York, 1896). Engraving

FARADAY, Michael (1791-1867). British chemist and physicist. Etching.

(Jean Bernard) Leon Foucault (1819-1868) French physicist. Velocity of light: Rotation of earth: Gyroscope. Silver-on-glass telescope mirrors. Engraving

Friedrich Wohler(1800-1882), German chemist, first to obtain metallic aluminium (1827) and beryllium (1828).

Giovanni Battista Grassi (1854-1925) Italian zoologist whose work helped establish that Malaria is transmitted by the Anopheles Mosquito.

Franz Joseph Andreas Nicolaus Unger born November 30, 1800 at Gut Amthofen near Leutschach in Styria, Austria, died 13 February 1870 in Graz was a k. k. Austrian botanist, paleontologist and plant physiologist, historically, digitally restored reproduction of a template from the 19th century, Record Date Not Stated

Portrait of serious Haeckel on the microscope

Antoine Cesar Becquerel (1788-1878) French physicist; electrolysis for separating metals from ores; father of AE Becquerel. Grandfather of A.H. Becquerel. Wood engraving 1878

CORNELIUS VARLEY artist and inventor Date: 1781 - 1873

Carl Auer von Welsbach, also known as Carl Auer, Freiherr von Welsbach (1 September 1858, 4 August 1929), Austrian scientist and inventor, 1879, historical woodcut, Germany, Europe

James Dwight Dana (1813-1895) American geologist, vulcanologist and zoologist

Wilhelm Eduard Weber, German physicist, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882) British naturalist. Colored engraving.

Johann Jacob Baeyer, 1794-1885, an officer in the Prussian General Staff and as a surveyor the founder of the European Arc Measurement, Berlin Geographical Society, historical engraving, circa 1869

Atomic Scientists. Photographs of Marshall Plan Programs, Exhibits, and Personnel

Joseph Wilson Swan (1828-1914) British physicist and chemist. Photography (bromide paper): Incandescent light bulb. Engraving

Joseph Jackson Lister (1786-1869) English physicist and opticist who made important improvements to the microscope. On the table beside him is his improved microscope (1828) which had a pefectly achmatic combination of lenses. Father of the surgeon Joseph Lister. Photogravure.

Morell Mackenzie, 1837-1892, English physician, woodcut, historical engraving, 1880

Joseph Jackson Lister, English wine merchant and amateur microscopist, 1830s. Artist: Maull & Co

The chemist Justus von Liebig, Hanfstaengl, Franz (1804-1877)

Thomas Say (1787-1834) American naturalist an entomologist. Halftone.

Peter Andreas Hansen, 8 December 1795, 28 March 1874, was a German astronomer and geodesist, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Portrait of physicist Ernst Mach captured by Ludwig David, printed as a platinum print in 1882.

Illustration showing Johannes Peter Muller (1801-1858), German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist

Alfred Russel Wallace OM FRS (8 January 1823 - 7 November 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in On the Origin of Species. Wallace did extensive fieldwork, first in the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the faunal divide now termed the Wallace Line, which separates the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts: a western portion in which the animals are largely of Asian origin, and an eastern portion where the fauna reflect Australasia. Wallace was a prolific author who wrote on both scientific and social issues; his account of his adventures and observations during his explorations in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia, The Malay Archipelago, is

Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Klinkerfues, 29 March 1827 i- 28 January 1884, a German astronomer and meteorologist, Historical, digital reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Vanity Fair - Doctors and Scientists. 'Agriculture'. Sir Edward Coke, The Earl of Leicester. 4 August 1883, Leslie Matthew 'Spy' Ward, 1851-1922, British, 1883, Chromolithograph

Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) Austrian archaeologist. Engraving from 'The Illustrated London News', 3 January 1891.

The late Dr. Letheby, City Officer of Health, 1876. Engraving from a photograph by Messrs. Barraud and Jerrard. Henry Letheby '...was a lecturer on chemistry and toxicology...and the author of many useful investigations and reports concerning the sanitary state of the metropolis London...A series of papers by him in "the Lancet" contained much advice upon the mode of conducting post-mortem examinations in the case of suspected murder by poison...Since his appointment as Medical Officer of Health for the City of London, with which he joined that of chemical analyst in the service

Paul Broca (1824-1880) French physician, anatomist and anthropologist. Discovered the location of speech production area in the front lobes of the brain. Engraving from 'Harper's New Monthly Magazine' (New York, 1899).

Alexander Dickson, M.D., Professor of Botany; Thomas Annan (Scottish,1829 - 1887); Glasgow, Scotland; 1871; Carbon print; 21.3 × 16.3 cm (8 3,8 × 6 7,16 in.)

Emil Adolf Behring, from 1901 von Behring (15 March 1854) (31 March 1917) was a German physician, immunologist, serologist and entrepreneur. He was the founder of passive antitoxic vaccination and received the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original

Rodolphe Virchow, vintage engraved illustration. From the Universe and Humanity, 1910.

Leslie Matthew 'Spy' Ward, 1851-1922, British, Vanity Fair - Doctors and Scientists. 'Oxford Physiology'. Dr. John Scott Burdon on Sanderson. 17 May 1894, 1894. Chromolithograph.

Frederick Augustus Abel (1827-1902) English chemist and inventor. Explosives: (with James Dewar) invented Cordite: New method for manufacturing gun-cotton. Photograph published c1890. Woodburytype

Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (February 16, 1834 - August 9, 1919), also written von Haeckel, was an eminent German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, and the kingdom Protista. Haeckel promoted and popularized Charles Darwin's work in Germany.

Alfred Binet (1857-1911), French psychologist, who developed test to measure reasoning ability and other higher mental processes. With Theodore Simon, he created the Binet-Simon Scale, of typical childhood development by age, and devised the first intelligence tests to measure children's mental development.

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