Ethnic Groups and Traditional Cultures

Vintage photographs showcasing various ethnic groups in traditional attire, representing cultural heritage and historical narratives from different regions.

Otumfuo Nana Prempeh I (1870-1931), (Kwaku Dua III Asamu) - an Asantehene ruler of the Oyoko Abohyen Dynasty of the Akan state of Ashanti. circa 1910s

Javanese men in uniform. Javanese men in uniform, wear a sarong and walking barefoot. Above the Sarong an open jacket with a round collar. A number of men carries a pointed headdress and a sword. The other men wear an IKET.

old vintage photo of Natives of Elephanta Caves maharashtra India Copyright: xAjayxGoyal/DinodiaxPhotox

The Yao are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, where they reside in the mountainous terrain of the southwest and south. Yao origins in southern China can be traced back some 2,000 years. From the 15th to 19th century, the Yao migrated into Thailand, Vietnam and the highlands of Laos. The migration was agitated by the opium trade and as the result of revolts in Southern China during this period. Marriage among the Yao is traditionally arranged by go-betweens who represent the boy's family to the girl's parents at the age of 12. If the union is acceptable, a bride-price is negotiated. The wedding takes place in two installments, first at the bride's house, followed by a procession to the groom's house where a second ceremony occurs.

Zanzibar (from Arabic: Zanjibar, from Persian: Zangibar'Coast of Blacks'; zangi [black-skinned + bar [coast) is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania in East Africa. It is composed of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, 25-50 kilometres (16-31 mi) off the coast of the mainland, and consists of numerous small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, referred to informally as Zanzibar), and Pemba. The capital of Zanzibar, located on the island of Unguja, is Zanzibar City. Its historic centre, known as Stone Town, is a World Heritage Site and is claimed to be the only functioning ancient town in East Africa. Zanzibar's main industries are spices, raffia, and tourism. In particular, the islands produce cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and black pepper. For this reason, the islands, together with Tanzania's Mafia Island, are sometimes called the Spice Islands (a term also associated with the Maluku Islands in Indonesia).

Photographic Views of Thailand. Thailand, Frank and Frances Carpenter Collection .

Otumfuo Nana Prempeh I (1870-1931), (Kwaku Dua III Asamu) - an Asantehene ruler of the Oyoko Abohyen Dynasty of the Akan state of Ashanti. circa 1910s

Africans in national costumes, universal exhibition of 1900, Champs de Mars, 7th arrondissement Universal exhibition of 1900. Africans in national costumes on the Champs-de-Mars. Paris (VIIth ARR.). Photographer anonymous. G�latino-Chloride Draw, 1900.

Photograph of Prince Albert Frederick Arthur George (1895-1952) and Lady Elizabeth (1900-2002) meeting Captain Sir Daudi Chwa II (1896-1939) during their visit to the Kingdom of Buganda. Dated 20th Century

Kikuyu tribesmen gather to prepare for hunting; Kenya; Africa 1920. The Kikuyu are the largest ethnic group in Kenya

asia, sri lanka, kandi, sacerdoti cingalesi con idoli buddisti, 1910

Ifugao is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Covering a total land area of 262,820 hectares, the province of Ifugao is located in a mountainous region characterized by rugged terrain, river valleys, and massive forests. Its capital is Lagawe and borders Benguet to the west, Mountain Province to the north, Isabela to the east, and Nueva Vizcaya to the south. The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras and Banaue Rice Terraces are the main tourist attractions in the province. These 2000-year-old terraces were carved into the mountains, without the aid of machinery, to provide level steps where the native Ifugao people can plant rice. In 1995, they were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ifugao culture revolves around rice, which is considered a prestige crop. There is an elaborate and complex array of rice culture feasts inextricably linked with taboos and intricate agricultural rites, from rice cultivation to rice consumpti

Portrait of four Asian men, two of which are clergy, 1870 - 1900 Photograph. visit card Portrait of four Asian men, two of whom on a chair and two kneeling next to it. The two sitting men are probably monk, they wear robes. unknown paper. photographic support. cardboard albumen print anonymous historical persons portrayed in a group, in a group-portrait

Mong Ma is a mountainous area in eastern Shan State situated east of Kengtung, near the Burma-Lao and Burma-China borders, and close to the Mekong River.

Kandyan Chiefs - Sri Lanka Date: circa 1910s

ia Dances For The Queen -- Bedecked with flowers, flags, ribbons and ankle bells and with towering headdress and flowing 'tail', a native dancer performs for the Queen during her visit to Port Harcourt on her ian tour. February 23, 1955. (Photo by Reuterphoto).;ia Dances For The Queen -- Bedecked with flowers, flags, ribbons and ankle bells and with towering headdress and flowing 'tail', a native dancer performs for the Queen during her visit to Port Harcourt on her ian tour.

Congo Folklore -- Calling for the blessing of rain is this witch doctor during the Mbuya dance of the Bapende Tribe. In his right hand is basket filled with dried seeds, and in his left an antelope horn filled with mysterious powder. The Mbuya dance is an African Folklore 'Play' with as many as twenty characters. The Folklore of Africa lies, not in books, but in the Rhythmic Tribal dances that are handed down from generation to generation. The origins of the dances steps, the gestures and the s

Group of Cook Island warriors

West Africa. Little Popo, Togo. Fetish customs for the dead. Photogravure by André & Sleigh from a photograph by Rev. Bryan Loe, Lagos. "La conquista de Africa" (The conquest of Africa), by Alfredo Opisso. Volume III. Published in Barcelona (Spain) by Molinas y Maza editores, 1911.

Two lamas of Sikkim in ceremonial dress, 1902. Artist: Johnson & Hoffman.

Sarawak: Sea Dayak men at a head feast. Photograph.

A large group portrait of Buddhist monks gathered around an altar. The shrine displays a central bronze Buddha figure with elaborate tiered parasol. Surrounding the Buddha are smaller votive Buddhas, candles, incense and glass domes with flowers. The monks are dressed in robes and two of them hold large alms bowls. Four young boys sit in front of the altar, one holds a book and another holds a rectangular tin. Caption reads: Buddhist priests at Temple, Kandy with relics.

Hát tuồng (also called hát bội, or simply tuồng) is a form of Vietnamese theatre. Hát tuồng is often referred to as classical 'Vietnamese opera' influenced by Chinese opera. It is believed that tuồng was imported from China around the 13th century when Vietnam was warring against the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. A famous actor named Lý Nguyên Cát (元吉) was imprisoned by the Vietnamese. The imperial court asked him to spread his knowledge of Chinese theatre to the children of the elite, thus explaining how tuồng had first had its beginnings in Vietnam in the royal court. Later on, it was adapted to travelling troupes who entertained commoners and peasants.

The Sasak live mainly on the island of Lombok, Indonesia, numbering around 2.6 million (85% of Lombok's population). They are related to the Balinese in language and race, although the Sasak are predominantly Muslim while the Balinese are Hindu.

Kelantan's association with traditional Malay culture dates back at least as far as the 14th century, when the Sungai Kelantan Valley was settled by colonists from distant Java, then itself in the process of converting to Islam. A state was established, owing allegiance to Sultan Masud Shah of Melaka (1459-77), but because of the region's geographical isolation from the rest of peninsular Malaysia, Kelantan was able to retain a high degree of autonomy, retaining much of its Javanese heritage and distinctive cultural and dialectic differences down through the centuries. Kelantan's political isolation helped in this process - under a relatively benevolent Thai suzerainty from 1780 to 1909, Siamese control was generally limited to the presentation of bunga mas, or tribute paid to Bangkok in the form of golden trees. Once this tribute was paid, local administration remained largely in the hands of the Kelantan royal family, whilst matters social and religious were the exclusive province of

The shaman of an African tribe wears a demon mask accompanied by musical instruments, Timbuktu, Mali, from L'Illustrazione Italiana, year LVII, n 26, June 29, 1930.

In Tibetan Buddhism, a tulku is a high-ranking lama, of which the Dalai Lama is one. A tulku is recognized as having the ability to choose the manner of his (or her) rebirth, although in normal circumstances a tulku would be reincarnated as a human of the same sex as before. A modern Chinese word for tulku is 'huofo', which literally means 'Living Buddha', although this term is rare outside Chinese sources.

Njoya, King of Bamum

Garden figures from the late 17th century or in the early 18th century, Ekebyhov. Nordic

Tonkin, Indochina the funeral procession of a great mandarin , Léon Busy in Indochina (French - Tonkin , Indochine Le cortège funèbre d' un grand mandarin). Music, funeral, personality funeral, costume, exists in high definition, child, hairstyle , headgear, man, Art, society, personality, clothing, HD, human beings, Indochina, tonkin, standard bearer, banners, drums and group of musicians from the said procession

Burma/Myanmar/India: Two Shan saopha or feudal lords together with their wives at the Coronation Durbar in Delhi, January 1903

Harari Woman from Djibouti. The Harari People are mostly located in Ethiopia. Date: circa 1910

Bedouin woman holding sword for the sword-dance. 1898

Empress Taitu in her room, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, photograph by L Traversi, from L'Illustrazione Italiana, Year XXIV, No 13, March 28, 1897.

Fijian group at the Christchurch Exhibition

Visit of American Red Indians, 1926-1927, Wellington, by Roland Searle.

The Swahili people are a Bantu ethnic group and culture found on the coast of East Africa. The Swahili people mainly reside on the Swahili Coast, in an area encompassing Zanzibar archipelago, coastal Kenya, the Tanzanian coast and northern Mozambique. The name Swahili is derived from the Arabic word Sawahil, meaning 'coastal', and they speak the Swahili language.

Chief Natei, Nelua, 1892. Artist: Unknown

Fijian dancers black-and-white negatives, gelatin dry plate negatives

Anonymous, portrait of Fatima (common name). Old N&B draw on paper. Museum of Romantic Life.

Horemheb! The Triumphor, the glorious. He is the man who stands opposite the Sun King as the hero opposite the saint. He was one of those people, as was said in the introduction to this anniversary party ...

geography/travel Morocco peope women engraving 19th century North Africa fountain water,

Pagoda Garden at Thanh-Hoa, Vietnam Date: circa 1903

Asia, Southeast Asia, Vietnam, Centre region, Hue, Imperial City, reproduction of an old photography, the Emperor

Indigenous children of North America, Swaddling, 1905 postcards, 1905, I' se a Good Little Papoose

Eléphanta, Indes Groupe de Paris at the eastern entrance to the cave temple , 1913-1914 - India, Pakistan - Stéphane Passet - (December 16 -January 29) (French - Eléphanta , Indes Groupe de Parsis à l' entrée Est du temple-caverne). Woman, festive costume, costume, temple, ethnic minority, child, group portrait, cave, man, Human beings, clothing, society

Portrait of Gezo, King of Dahomey. circa 1850. Vintage 19th Century Lithograph of Dahomey as seen by colonial forces.

"Look Out For Native" - Skin Deep *****Ecstatic...... the rhythm of the beating tomtoms and ***** the chanting induces a state equivalent *****. January 14, 1949. (Photo by Pix Publishing Inc.).

Ifugao is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Covering a total land area of 262,820 hectares, the province of Ifugao is located in a mountainous region characterized by rugged terrain, river valleys, and massive forests. Its capital is Lagawe and borders Benguet to the west, Mountain Province to the north, Isabela to the east, and Nueva Vizcaya to the south. The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras and Banaue Rice Terraces are the main tourist attractions in the province. These 2000-year-old terraces were carved into the mountains, without the aid of machinery, to provide level steps where the native Ifugao people can plant rice. In 1995, they were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ifugao culture revolves around rice, which is considered a prestige crop. There is an elaborate and complex array of rice culture feasts inextricably linked with taboos and intricate agricultural rites, from rice cultivation to rice consumpti

Batak is a collective term used to identify a number of ethnic groups found in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The term is used to include the Toba, Karo, Pakpak, Simalungun, Angkola and Mandailing, each of which are distinct but related groups with distinct, albeit related, languages and customs (adat). Occasionally it is also used to include the Alas people of Central/Southern Aceh, but usually only as relates to language groups. In North Sumatra, Toba people typically assert their identity as 'Batak', while other 'Bataks' may explicitly reject that label, preferring instead to identify as specifically 'Simalungun', 'Karo', etc.

Turkey. Kurds. 1900

Located in the northeast of the country, Shan State covers one-quarter of Burma's land mass. It was traditionally separated into principalities and is mostly comprised of ethnic Shan, Burman Pa-O, Intha, Taungyo, Danu, Palaung and Kachin peoples.

Information office and radio broadcaster Dutch New Guinea. During the commemoration of "100 years of mission in New Guinea", the open-air game "Petrus Kafiar" was raised in Hollandiaport; The story of a bistaker, which was sold as a slave to a missionary and was trained to one of the best known native Dutch religious teachers. The photographed scene shows the first contact with the whites. February 1955. New Guinea

Young man of Nocte tribe in Tirap district Arunachal Pradesh India 1982 NO MR Copyright: xTxSatyan/DinodiaxPhotox

The first post service in Thailand

The Chakri Dynasty (also known as the House of Chakri) is the current ruling royal house of the Kingdom of Thailand, the Head of the house is the King of Thailand. The dynasty has ruled Thailand since the founding of the Ratthanakosin era and the city of Bangkok in 1782 following the end of King Taksin of Thonburi's reign, when the capital of Siam shifted to Bangkok. The Royal house was founded by King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke an Ayutthayan military leader. The current Head of the Dynasty is King Bhumibol Adulyadej since 1946, the Heir Apparent to the headship is Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn. The House's dynastic seat is the Grand Palace in Bangkok.

Rangi, famous Maori Guide, throwing earth in the Champagne spring. This is boiling water and the earth makes it bubble more, The Queen and the Duke are watching.Bubbles - Then come the tour of Rotorua "hot" areas. Rangi, the famous Maori guide, throws earth on the Champagne Spring to make the boiling water and mud bubble more. The Royal couple were fascinated by the world-famous thermal region. January 11, 1954.

法會, Dōng fǎ huì - French Indochina (French: Indochine française; Vietnamese: Đông Dương thuộc Pháp, frequently abbreviated to Đông Pháp) was part of the French colonial empire in southeast Asia. A federation of the three Vietnamese regions, Tonkin (North), Annam (Central), and Cochinchina (South), as well as Cambodia, was formed in 1887. Laos was added in 1893 and Kouang-Tchéou-Wan in 1900. The capital was moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin) in 1902. During World War II, the colony was administered by Vichy France and was under Japanese occupation. Beginning in May 1941, the Viet Minh, a communist army led by Ho Chi Minh, began a revolt against French rule known as the First Indochina War. In 1954, after its defeat at Dien Bien Phu, France withdrew permanently from all parts of Indochina.

Bedouin are a part of a predominantly desert-dwelling Arabian ethnic group traditionally divided into tribes, or clans, known in Arabic as aasa'ir. The term 'Bedouin' derives from a plural form of the Arabic word badawi, as it is pronounced in colloquial dialects. The Arabic term badawi derives from the word badiyah, which means semiarid desert (as opposed to sahara', which means desert). Starting in the late nineteenth century, many Bedouin under British rule began to transit to a seminomadic life. In the 1950s and 1960s, large numbers of Bedouin throughout Midwest Asia started to leave the traditional, nomadic life to settle in the cities of Midwest Asia, especially as hot ranges have shrunk and populations have grown. For example, in Syria the Bedouin way of life effectively ended during a severe drought from 1958 to 1961, which forced many Bedouin to abandon herding for standard jobs. Similarly, governmental policies in Egypt and Israel, oil production in the Persian Gulf, as well

Japan. On the shamises and drums of musical geishas on a stage

A Zulu medicine man or shaman performing a ritual to fend off a hailstorm, South Africa. Halftone after Trappist Mission, Natal.

Klansmen surround freedman Gus (played by white actor Walter Long in blackface) in a scene"The Birth of a Nation.". 1915. Film stills, Photographs. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Photographs and Prints Division. Long, Walter, 1879-1952, Ku Klux Klan (19th cent.), African Americans in motion pictures, Racism in motion pictures, Ethnic stereotypes

Anefo photo collection. Hungry in West Bengal. October 18, 1974

Massai, Arusha wedding dancers with their gleaming spears at a wedding. Tanganyika.

Legong is a form of Balinese dance. It is a refined dance form characterized by intricate finger movements, complicated footwork, and expressive gestures and facial expressions. Legong probably originated in the 19th century as royal entertainment. Legend has it that a prince of Sukwati fell ill and had a vivid dream in which two maidens danced to gamelan music. When he recovered, he arranged for such dances to be performed in reality. Others believe that the Legong originated with the sanghyang dedari, a ceremony involving voluntary possession of two little girls by beneficent spirits. Legong is also danced at public festivals.

China: Han Chinese bride and groom, Thomas Child (1841-1898), c. 1880

The Yao nationality (its great majority branch is also known as Mien; Pinyin: Yao zu; Vietnamese: nguoi Dao) is a government classification for various minorities in China. They form one of the 55 ethnic minority groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, where they reside in the mountainous terrain of the southwest and south. They also form one of the 54 ethnic groups officially recognized by Vietnam. In the last census, they numbered 2,637,421 in China, and roughly 470,000 in Vietnam. In Thailand they number 40,000 and in Laos 20,000.

The Swahili people are a Bantu ethnic group and culture found on the coast of East Africa. The Swahili people mainly reside on the Swahili Coast, in an area encompassing Zanzibar archipelago, coastal Kenya, the Tanzanian coast and northern Mozambique. The name Swahili is derived from the Arabic word Sawahil, meaning 'coastal', and they speak the Swahili language.

Angkor, Cambodia, Indochina three pilgrims , Léon Busy in Indochina (French - Angkor , Cambodge , Indochine Trois bonzes pèlerins). Buddhism, religious habit, costume, temple, pilgrimage, Hinduism, staircase, religious practice, shadow , umbrella , parasol, group portrait, religious architecture, man, Religion, clothing, human beings, habitat , architecture, Cambodia, bonzes in pilgrimage in Angkor

Congo Folklore -- A weary "Kore" rests after a performance in the Mbuya dance of the Bapende Tribe. This dance is an African folklore 'play' with as many as twenty characters. Kore is the personification of the antelope. He is important at sowing and harvest times, when he calls for the blessing of the gods. He wears a skirt of raffia and monkey skins, bearded mask and carries an antelope tail. He dances with antelope-like leaps. The Folklore of Africa lies, not in books, but in the Rhythmic Tri

The Chakmas, also known as the Changhma, are a community that inhabits the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh and North-East India. The Chakmas are the largest ethnic group in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, making up more than half the tribal population. Chakmas are divided into 46 clans or Gozas. A tribal group called Tongchangya are also considered to be a branch of the Chakma people. Both tribes speak the same language, have the same customs and culture, and profess the same religion, Theravada Buddhism. Chakmas are Tibeto-Burman, and are thus closely related to tribes in the foothills of the Himalayas. The Chakmas are believed to be originally from Arakan who later on moved to Bangladesh, settling in the Cox's Bazar District, the Korpos Mohol area, and in the Indian states of Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura.

Paramount Zulu Chief Honours Tshaka -- Cyprian Kabhekuzulu (second) from right Paramount chief of all the Zulus is shows here in full traditional dress members of the Royal household during ritual tribal ceremonies at the tomb of Tshaka. founder of the Zulu nation, September 23 at Stanger, Natal, site of Tshaka's Kraal.This was one of the rare occasions on which the chief has abandoned western attire.During the ceremonies a marble monument to Tshaka was unveiled. October 1, 1954. (Photo by Associated Press Photo).

Women of the Giriama Tribe in Kenya at a traditional dancing ceremony Date: circa 1930s

Supayalat (13 December 1859 - 24 November 1925) was the last queen of Burma who reigned in Mandalay (1878-1885), born to King Mindon Min and Queen of Alenandaw. Their reign lasted just seven years when Thibaw Min was defeated in the Third Anglo-Burmese War and forced to abdicate by the British in 1885. On 25 November 1885 they were taken away in a covered carriage, leaving Mandalay Palace by the southern gate of the walled city along the streets lined by British soldiers and their wailing subjects, to the River Irrawaddy where a steamboat awaited. Thibaw was 27 and Supayalat 26. After years of exile in India, Supayalat returned to Rangoon in 1919. She died six years later, in 1925 - shortly before her 66th birthday. Although the colonial government declared the day of her funeral a national holiday, the royal family's request for her to be buried in Mandalay was also refused. Her funeral was, however, held with pomp and ceremony as befitted a Burmese queen. Supayalat lies buried at the

Grupo de Taurumares, familia India en Chihuahua - Mexican Indian family , Indigenous peoples, Violins, Tarahumara Indians, Tichnor Brothers Collection, postcards of the United States

(French - Monastir ( actuelle Bitola ) , Macédoine Chez le riche Serbe , trois filles de Smilevo et la petite fille de la maison en costume plutôt citadin).

Myanmar (Burma), tatooing a burman

Locals attending traditional native ceremony at tribal gathering in Fiji, South Pacific

Malay Bomor in Malaysia

Mahatma Gandhi, Independence Day On March 12, 1930.

Cambridge-Trained African Chief -- Chief Thomas Marealle of the Chagga Tribe: The traditional Chagga horn which saluted the new chief during during the ceremony. January 28, 1955. (Photo by Central Office of Information Photograph). ;Cambridge-Trained African Chief -- Chief Thomas Marealle of the Chagga Tribe: The traditional Chagga horn which saluted the new chief during during the ceremony.

Description: Tongan men waiting to perform during the dancing on the Mala'e Pangai - a public park near the royal Palace. The skirts are known as sisi's and the neklets are made from the fruit of the pandanus. Location: Tonga tonga, australasia, oceania, australasiathroughalens

Group Egyptian Dervishes. Dervish or Darvesh in Persian usually refers to a person who is a seeker of the truth i.e. universal truth. Within the Islamic tradition such people are often known as Sufis, Sufi, people of the way or mystics and they come from every strata of society; here monetary considerations are inapplicable since the situation is that of a deep personal inner spiritual longing. There are in existence a number Sufi Orders many of which bear the name of a great saint and within th

Description: Northern territories chiefs and elders at the Volta River project travelling exhibition Location: Accra africa

An incident of the Winter Dance-Nakoaktok, c1914. Kwakiutl people, some bowing before totem poles in background, others seated facing front as part of the nunhlim ceremony, the four days prior to the Winter Dance.

In 19th-century Siam, almost every young male in the royal family entered the 'sangha' or Buddhist monkhood as a rite of passage. The tonsure ceremony was an initial act of this rite as all novices must have their heads shaved to enter the monastic order. The tradition survives to this day, not just among Thai royalty, but at all levels of society.

A Chinese BabyA Chinese Baby

Africa, ethiopia, lady in white clothes, 1930.

Addis Ababa Celebrates End Of Rainy Season - Little girls marching past the Emperor in St. Georgels square, Addis Ababa. Picture just received in London, showing the celebration of feast of the Masqal, at the end of the rainy season, in Addis Ababa. The Emperor attended the ceremony - which was carried out in pouring rain - in front of St. George's Cathedral. October 7, 1935. (Photo by Keystone).

Amritsar, Indes Group of Tibetans near the Golden Temple , 1913-1914 - India, Pakistan - Stéphane Passet - (December 16 -January 29) (French - Amritsar , Indes Groupe de Tibétains près du temple d' or). Woman, costume, religious personality, temple, Tibetan rite Buddhism, Sikhism, exists in high definition, child, group portrait, man, Human beings, clothing, personality, religion, HD, Group of Thibétains, Amritsar, January 15 or 17 Indies, Amritsar, Tibetan types

The word Nautch is an anglicized version of nac, a word found in Hindi and Urdu and several other languages of North India, derived from the Sanskrit, Nritya, via the Prakrit, Nachcha. A simple and literal translation of Nautch is 'dance' or 'dancing'. The culture of the performing art of Nautch rose to prominence during the later period of Mughal Empire, and the East India Company Rule. Over a period of time, the Nautch traveled outside the confines of the Imperial courts of the Mughals, the palaces of the Nawabs and the Princely states, and the higher echelons of the officials of the British Raj, to the places of smaller Zamindars, and other places. Some references use the terms Nautch and Nautch girls to describe Devadasis who used to perform Hindu ritual and religious dances in the Hindu temples of India. However, there is not much commonality between the Devadasis and the Nautch girls. The former performed dances in the precincts of the Hindu temples to please the temple deities,

Nearly 95 percent of the Thai population are Theravada Buddhists, though many would argue that Siamese Buddhism has integrated with animist folk beliefs as well as Chinese religions. Thai Buddhism was based on the religious movement founded in the 6th century BCE by Siddhartha, later known as the Buddha, who urged the world to relinquish the extremes of sensuality and self-mortification and follow the enlightened Middle Way. Theravada Buddhism was made the state religion in Siam only after the establishment of the Sukhothai kingdom in the 13th century CE. By the 19th century, and especially with the coming to power in 1851 of King Mongkut who had been a monk himself for 27 years, the 'sangha' (monkhood), like the kingdom, became steadily more centralized and hierarchical in nature and its links to the state more institutionalized.

Group of Ainos, Ainu, around 1900, the indigenous people of northern Japan, Historic, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original.

Information office and radio broadcaster Dutch New Guinea. The missionaries of the Australian Baptists (Tiom, Baliem) N often go to village visit .. These frequent visits must be familiar to familiarize the population to the presence of whites and to get to know the language, morals and habits of the population. September 1958. New Guinea

Tonkin, Indochina a mandarin officiating during a ceremony , Léon Busy in Indochina (French - Tonkin , Indochine Un mandarin officiant lors d' une cérémonie). Party costume, costume, blacksmith , umbrella , parasol, crowd, Evening, banner , banner, hairstyle , headgear, man, Clothing, human beings, India, Tonkin

Major General Sir Edward Frederick William David Walugembe Mutebi Luwangula Mutesa II KBE (19 November 1924 - 21 November 1969), was Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda from 22 November 1939 until his death. Kabaka is the title of the king of the Kingdom of Buganda. According to the traditions of the Baganda they are ruled by two kings, one spiritual and the other material

Bali is home to most of Indonesia's small Hindu minority with some 92% of the island's 4 million population adhering to Balinese Hinduism, while most of the remainder follow Islam. Bali is the largest tourist destination in Indonesia, and is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leatherwork, metalwork and music.

The double statue found at Begranieh, today often Begarawiya, Meroe in Sudan, part of the rich funerary culture of the Meroitic kings and queens, who were buried in the cemeteries of Meroe, 1896, illustration, reproduction from a model from the 19th century. Authentic, file restored for optimal use, exact date of submission unknown, Historic, two ancient statues stand upright in an open-air setting

Kikuyu Warrior - Kenya, East Africa Date: circa 1910s

King Saud and Talal bin Abdullah (Emir Abdullahs son and future King Talal I) in Ammon, Jordan. In 1932, Saud consolidated his rule over much of the Arabian Peninsula, founding the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (BSLOC_2017_1_98)

Headman of Wancho tribe in Tirap district Wanchos head hunters Arunachal Pradesh India 1982 NO MR Copyright: xTxSatyan/DinodiaxPhotox

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