Historic Scientific Discoveries

Engravings depicting historical scientific experiments and inventions including steam engines and artificial respiration in various settings.

Hawkins invities scientists to dine inside his iguanodon model at the Crystal Palace exhibition at Sydenham. Date: 1854

Engraving depicting a carbon arc lamp with Chance Bros optics and powered by a Gramme dynamo, used to light the beacon at the top of the Victoria Clock Tower. Dated 19th century

Papin conducts an experiment with his powder machine in front of the professors of the University of Marburg

Medical treatment in the therapeutic electrical cabinet of Jean-Martin Charcot, 1825 - 1893, a French neurologist, at the Salpetriere in Paris, historical engraving, 1880

Benjamin Howard assisted by Sir E. Sieveking demonstrating artificial respiration on a supine figure at the Royal Humane Society. Wood engraving by T. Robinson, 1878, after C. Robinson.

Stephen Gray (1666-1736) English scientist born at Canterbury, Kent, credited with the discovery of the flow of electricity. Artist's impression of Gray passing electricity from a glass globe electrostatic machine down a 44.8 metere (147 feet) length of packthread (1729). Engraving from 'A Popular History of Science' by Robert Routledge (London, 1881).

Illustration depicting Papin's steam engine (1707) for pumping water from mines. It was the first engine to use the safety valve he had invented twenty-seven years earlier for his 'digester'. (1647-1713) a French physicist, mathematician and inventor, best known for his pioneering invention of the steam digester, the forerunner of the pressure cooker and of the steam engine. Dated 19th century

Engraving depicting various illustrations of the centre of gravity. Dated 19th Century

Hawkins invities scientists to dine inside his iguanodon model at the Crystal Palace exhibition at Sydenham. Date: 1854

Engraving depicting John Henry Pepper demonstrating the giant induction coil at the Polytechnic Institute, London, before Princesses Louise and Beatrice. John Henry Pepper (1821-1900) a British scientist and inventor who toured the English-speaking world with his scientific demonstrations. Dated 19th century

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) French chemist 'the father of modern chemistry', with other fermier generaux (tax collectors) before the French Revolutionary Tribunal. Lavoisier was guuillotined in 1794. Engraving, Paris, 1874.

An excellent species according to the image of Friedrich Hidedemann. Purpose, H. (N.N.), Hiddemann, Friedrich (1829 1892)

A chemical laboratory with four chemists; one looks into a furnace. Engraving.

THE GREAT ELECTRIC INDUCTION COIL AT THE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION, 1869

Science in the Middle Ages by Anonymous painting, etching, 1748, Private Collection

Execution by electric chair. Kemmler, the first man executed by electric chair, Auburn Prison, USA, 6 August 1890. Alternating Current used; three surges were needed for the execution. Westinghouse apparatus used. From 'La Nature', Paris, 6 September 1890 .

Engraving depicting Joseph Black lecturing on latent heat at Glasgow University. Joseph Black (1728-1799) a Scottish physician and chemist. Dated 18th Century

Portrait of James Watt (1736-1819) a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist. Dated 19th Century

Engraving depicting the use of a speaking tube to communicate with someone in another room. Dated 19th century

Engraving depicting Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet (1700-1770) lecturing on electricity at the College de Navarre (1754)

Pepper's Ghost, A Ganot 'Natural Philosophy', England, London, 1887

Steam washing laundry of the Berlin Charite hospital, Berlin, Germany, historical engraving, 1883, Europe

Workshop of wind instruments. engraving 1855

Asian cholera. Disinfection measures at Gare de Lyon on travellers arriving from Toulon and Marseille, Paris, France. Europe. Old 19th century engraved illustration from La Nature 1884

Electrically operated ventilation fans. Old 19th century engraved illustration from La Nature 1885

George Louis Lesage (1724-1803), Swiss scientist, experimenting with the first electric telegraph, Geneva, 1774. From Louis Figuier 'Les Grandes Inventions', Paris, 1876

The chronographic recording apparatus, vol. 11, no. 526, p. 56 The Royal Observatory, Greenwich.. Periodicals, Illustrations. 1862-01-23. General Research Division. Astronomical instruments, Astronomers

Illustration showing Doctors at Mayence collecting the head of an executed bandit in order to study the effects of galvanic electricity on a corpse - 1803

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, LOBSTER CANNING, CANADA, NINETEENTH CENTURY ENGRAVING

Baden Powell lecturing on the rotation of the earth at the Royal Institution, London. Wood engraving, 185-.

An engraving depicting a cross-section of an artesian well, showing the water rising. Dated 19th century

Bank of England. Entrance to the bullion vaults, showing ingots of precious metals, each of which would be checked for weight on the balance in centre. Wood engraving 1872

Office responsible for drafting and publishing reports from the legislative body, Paris, France, illustration from L'Illustration, Journal Universel, No 1358, Volume LIII, March 6, 1869.

The exterior of the new telescope of the observatory in Paris, France, illustration from the magazine L'Illustration, Journal Universel, year 41, volume LXXXII, no 2120, October 13, 1883.

Putting ball of white-hot iron into a rotary squeezer to remove the slag and cinder, and force the metal into the shape of a cylinder or 'bloom'. Phoenix Iron and Bridge Works, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. From'The Science Record', New York, 1873. Engraving.

OPENING OF THE NEW WING OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON, UK, 1881: THE MICROSCOPICAL ROOM

Engraving of electric light apparatus, known as the Dynamo-Electrical machine. Made by the Russian engineer M. Jablochkoff, the machine was employed by him to generate electric currents called the 'Gramme' after the name of its French inventor. The machine was refine and modified by Jablochkoff to improve its efficiency. Date: 2nd Nov 1878

'Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) watching as a boy bitten by a rabid dog is inoculated by an injection into the abdomen at the Institut Pasteur, Paris. From ''La Nature'', Paris, 1886..'

An engraving depicting the scientific conversazione at Apothecaries Hall. Dated 19th century

An engraving depicting Benjamin Franklin with the printing press he used in London and which is now preserved in America. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, polymath, author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason and postmaster. Dated 19th century

Stand for race officals and the Finishing post, horse racing at Bois de Boulogne, Paris, France, illustration from L'Illustration, Journal Universel, No 1372, Volume LIII, June 12, 1869.

Laboratory of Baron Justus Von Liebig (1803-1873), German chemist specialized in organic chemistry. 19th century. Engraving. VON LIEBING JUSTUS.

Public lecture on spectrum analysis.

The Talisman ship. Scientific expedition of the Travailleur and Talisman ships to dredge the abyss of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Old 19th century engraved illustration from La Nature 1883

Demonstration of the Great Electric Induction Coil at the Polytechnic Institution in London in 1869 by Professor Pepper.

Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) experiments his second phone in Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, engraving by Louis Figuier, taken from Les Nouvelles Conquetes de la Science and republished on L'Illustration, Journal Universel, year 41, volume LXXXII, no 2120, October 13, 1883.

PASTEUR, Louis (1822-1895) French chemist and bacteriologist. Pasteur observes the effects of inoculation of rabies virus. Paris. Engraving by Rico.

Application of cold to industry. Raoul Pictect system. Cool rom for meat. Chicago (United States). Engraving. La Ilustracion Espanola y Americana (The Spanish and American Illustration), 1883.

Joseph Black (1728-99) Scottish chemist, lecturing on latent heat at Glasgow university. Illustration from 'Les Merveilles de la Science' by Louis Figuier (Paris, c1870).

Engraving depicting Thomas-Francois Dalibard (1709-1799) investigating the electrical nature of lightning.

Illustration depicting a stoker at the door of a steam furnace. Dated 19th century

An engraving depicting the smoke effects produced on the stage of the Paris Opera House by heating a mixture of magnesium and potassium chlorate. Dated 19th century

Experiments with the telephone of Dr. ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL (1847-1922), to transmit the human voice over long distances. Boston, 1877. United States. 19th century engraving.

Example of application of the Radiguet igniter-extinguisher. Old 19th century engraved illustration from La Nature 1885

Tromholt at Koutokeino, Norway, where he studied the Aurora Borealis in 1882.

Men fitting wigs, Jacob Smies, 1800 - 1805, Cartoon on fitting wigs. A phrenologist, as a wigmaker, is looking for the right wig for a man. A large group of so-called scientists look on. On the table is a treatise by the German phrenologist Franz Joseph Gall. Possibly the design drawing for the print in a series of those caricatured plates about society around 1800., draughtsman: Jacob Smies, Netherlands, 1800 - 1805, paper, pen, brush, h 165 mm × w 220 mm

Illustration depicting a solar spectrum being demonstrated to young boys in a darkened room by means of a heliostat and a prism. Dated 19th century

Thomas Highs' (1718-1803) double jenny, publicly demonstrated in Manchester Exchange, England. in 1772. Highs was awarded £200 for his invention. From 'Great Industries of Great Britain' (London, c1880). Engraving.

An operation. Print Romain de Hooghe, vintage engraving. An operation. Print Romain de Hooghe, vintage engraved illustration. Magasin Pittoresque 1867. Copyright: xZoonar.com/PatrickxGuenettex 10678195

Interior of a pharmaceutical laboratory with people at work; the shop is visible through a doorway. Engraving, 1747.

ELECTRO AND SILVER PLATING, SKETCHED AT THE WORKS OF MESSRS. ELKINGTON AND CO., VISITED BY H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES

Engraving depicting the total solar eclipse of 1870. British Eclipse Expedition at Oran, unloading instruments and equipment. Team led by William Huggins. William Huggins (1824-1910) an English astronomer best known for his pioneering work in astronomical spectroscopy together with his wife Margaret Lindsay Huggins. Dated 19th century

Guillaume Francois Rouelle (1703-1770) French chemist. Lavoisier's teacher; Professor (demonstrateur) at Jardin du Roi, Paris. Did much to popularise chemistry. A diversion during one of Rouelle's lectures. From 'Vies des Savants Illustres: Savants du XVIIIe Siecle' by Louis Figuier. (Paris, 1874). Engraving.

Illustration showing Women KNITTING, making PILLOW LACE and SPINNING. Engraving after Daniel Nicolas Chodowiecki (1726-1801) the Hogarth of Germany.

The new Planetarium of M. Perini B. SICARD. The new planetarium of M. PERINI. Press Engraving.

A seated man looking through a camera obscura at half a skeleton suspended upside down from a tripod as two men look on. Etching.

Thomas Alva Edison 1847-1931, centre, in his laboratory at Menlo Park.

Dalibard's scientific experiment conducted in Marly, 10 May 1752. First demonstration of the presence of electricity in thunderclouds

Engraving depicting the total solar eclipse of 1871. The population of Bekul, southern India, are terrified by the approach of totality while, on the old fort above the town, the British eclipse expedition led by Norman Lockyer. Norman Lockyer (1836-1920) an English scientist and astronomer. Dated 19th century

An engraving of Guillaume-François Rouelle (1703-1770) a French chemist and apothecary, performing a public experiment. Dated 18th Century

MACARONI MAKERS AT NAPLES , 1872 engraving

Deli Cincinnati. The slaughter of pigs, vintage engraving. Deli Cincinnati. The slaughter of pigs, vintage engraved illustration. Journal des Voyage, Travel Journal, 1879-80. Copyright: xZoonar.com/PatrickxGuenettex 10656741

Interior of the Sivel nacelle, project to cross the North Pole by balloon, illustration from L'Illustration, No 2488, November 1, 1890.

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) German astronomer, left, with Tycho Brahe (1564-1601) Danish astronomer at work in Benatky observatory near Prague while in the employ of emperor Rudolf II

An engraving depicting the oiling of the roller bearings of a revolving lighthouse lens. Dated 19th century

Engraving depicting the solar spectrum being demonstrated to young boys in a darkened room by means of a heliostat and a prism. Dated 19th century

Storing the transatlantic telegraphic cable on board the Great Eastern ship, illustration from L'Illustration, Journal Universel, No 1374, Volume LIII, June 26, 1869.

astronomy instruments telescope legend of its invention by children in Middelburg Zeeland 1590 wood engraving 2nd half 19th century,

The Death of the First-Born. The tenth plague was the death of all the firstborn of Egypt, North Africa. Old 19th century engraved illustration from El Mundo Ilustrado 1880

Illustration showing Blowing crown glass, London, 1764

Manufacture of crown glass by blowing (left) and plate glass by casting (right). From 'The Universal Magazine' London 1760. Glass workers were susceptible to cataract caused by glare of the furnace. Hand-coloured engraving.

Currier & Ives Illustration 19th Century. Franklin's experiment, June 1752

Engraving depicting the use of cupping therapy. Cupping therapy is a form of alternative medicine. It is believed by some that the suction can help treat pain, deep scar tissues in the muscles and connective tissue, muscle knots, and swelling; however, the efficacy of this is unproven. Dated 18th century

Engraving depicting Comet Coggia, a non-periodic comet, discovered by Jérôme Eugène Coggia. Jérôme Eugène Coggia 1849-1919) a French astronomer. Dated 19th Century

English electric caricature, a gasman's dream. Old 19th century engraved illustration from La Nature 1884

Gold prospector with a pan, United States of America, illustration from L'Illustration, Journal Universel, No 538, Volume XXI, June 18, 1853.

A conference. Facsimile of the frontispiece of the tables of the universe and of human knowledge 1802, vintage engraving. A conference. Facsimile of the frontispiece of the tables of the universe and of human knowledge 1802, vintage engraved illustration. Magasin Pittoresque 1875. Copyright: xZoonar.com/PatrickxGuenettex 10679655

On the way to the Moon: lighting a gas lamp in the space capsule. From Jules Verne 'Autour de la Lune', Paris, 1865. Wood engraving.

Portable darkroom Nollet, vintage engraving. Portable darkroom Nollet, vintage engraved illustration. Magasin Pittoresque 1876. Copyright: xZoonar.com/PatrickxGuenettex 10679888

Workers using apparatus in a chemical laboratory. Etching, ca. 1769.

Astronomy: Napoleon Bonaparte listening to an astronomer in Milan. Engraving.

Henri Milne-Edwards (1800-1885) lecturing on zoology at the French Museumof Natural History.

Engraving depicting a gyroscope, a device consisting of a wheel or disc mounted so that it can spin rapidly about an axis which is itself free to alter in direction. Dated 19th Century

William Herschel (1738-1822) discovering Uranus in 1781. His sister Caroline taking notes.

London Board of Health searching the city for cholera during the 1832 epidemic. Lithograph, 1832.

education university Altdorf anatomic demonstration by Professor Moritz Hoffmann copper engraving by J. G. Puschner 1650/1655 private collection,

Othniel Charles Marsh (1831-1899) American palaeontologist. First professor of palaeontology at Yale university. Marsh discovered some 1,000 fossil vertebrates and organised expeditions, especially in Nebraska and Colorado. Cartoon from 'Punch' (London, 13 September 1890).

Chemical lecture, 1802. Artist: James Gillray

Andreas Vesal or Andreas Vesalius, actually Andreas Witinck or Andries Witting van Wesel, also Andreas Witing (31 December 1514 to 15 October 1564) was a Flemish anatomist and surgeon of the Renaissance or humanist period of German descent, digitally enhanced reproduction of a 19th-century original, historical, exact date unknown.

Meteorite investigated by prof. Nordenskjold on the northwest coast of Greenland 1st picture of 2 Date: 1871

New Discoveries in Pneumatics'. A popular demonstration at the Royal Institution, London, given by Thomas Garnett (1766-1802) assisted by Humphry Davy (1779-1829). Looking on at the right is Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (1753-1814). Cartoon by James Gilray.

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