Medieval Warfare and Knights

Historical depictions of knights on horseback, showcasing armor, weaponry, and military formations from the 15th to 16th century.

Knights on Horseback An Illuminated Page from the Crusades of Godfrey of Bouillon 14th Century French School Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France

Modern age. Army. 15th- 16th century. Engraving. (Later colouration). Iconographic Enclyclopaedia of science, Literature and Art. 19th century. Author: HENRY WINKLES. Johan George Heck.

Trojan War. Attack of Trojans to the Greek camp. Upper section of fol. 108r of the Codex Benito Santa Mora (15th c.). Gothic art. Miniature Painting. SPAIN. MADRID (AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY). San Lorenzo de El Escorial. Royal Library of the Monastery of El Escorial.

DETALLE DEL TAPIZ DE BAYEUX - CONQUISTA DE INGLATERRA POR PARTE DE LOS NORMANDOS - SIGLO XI -. Location: CENTRO GUILLERMO EL CONQUISTADOR. BAYEUX. France.

Knights on Horseback An Illuminated Page from the Crusades of Godfrey of Bouillon 14th Century French School Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France

Kleidung, Mode, Ritterkostüme im Spätmittelalter, Italienische Kriegskleidung im 14. Jahrhundert, von links, Ritter in Rüstung mit Schienenschutz, ein...

Reinado de Felipe II (1556 a 1598). Guardias, Coselete y Sargento en el año 1560. Dibujo de Villegas. Lámina número 30 del ALBUM DE LA INFANTERIA ESPAÑOLA del Teniente General Conde de Clonard. Litografía Militar, Madrid, año 1861.

Battle scene with Pepin the Short kills King Ebroin, 1493.

Mamluk, 'owned'; also transliterated Mamlouk, Turkish: Memluk, also called Kolemen;, Mamluq, Mamluke, Mameluk, Mameluke, Mamaluke or Marmeluke. A soldier of slave origin, predominantly Cuman or Kipchak and later Circassian and Georgian. The 'Mamluk phenomenon', as David Ayalon dubbed the creation of the specific warrior class, was of great political importance and was extraordinarily long-lived, lasting from the 9th to the 19th century CE. Over time, Mamluks became a powerful military caste in various Muslim societies. Particularly in Egypt, but also in the Levant, Iraq, and India, Mamluks held political and military power. In some cases, they attained the rank of sultan, while in others they held regional power as amirs or beys. Most notably, Mamluk factions seized the sultanate for themselves in Egypt and Syria in a period known as the Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517). The Mamluk Sultanate famously beat back the Mongols at the Battle of Ayn Jalut and fought the Crusaders effectively driv

Archers and cross-bow-man, 1312. Mounted archer shooting, longbowman stringing his bow and crossbowman firing, all in uniform of hauberk and chausses of gamboised chainmail, surcoats, conical helmet with visor. Handcoloured lithograph after an illustration by S.R. Meyrick from Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick's A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, John Dowding, London, 1842.

Knights in combat, 14th century. King Henry V in battle on horseback in jupon or cote-d'armes with arms of England and France, bascinet with panache feathers 1, and duel between English and French knights in jupon, plate and chainmail armour, helmet with crest, and buckler 2. From the Roman du Roy Meliadus, British Museum manuscript Add. 12228. Handcoloured copperplate engraving from Thomas Anthony Day and J.H. Dines' Illustrations of Mediaeval Costume in England collected from manuscripts in the British Museum, Bibliotheque Nationale de Paris, Bosworth, London, 1853.

Italy. Genoa, 1685-1800 1910. Vinkhuijzen, Hendrik Jacobus. still image. Illustrations. General Research Division. Military uniforms , History, Italy

Group of soldiers, 1554. Pikeman in corselet, gorget and steelhat; archer in brigandines, quilted breastplate, steel skull-cap, bow and quiver of 24 arrows; halbardier or black-bill man in almaine rivetts and morian or sallet helmet; and arquebusier or hagbut man, 1554. Handcoloured lithograph by Maddocks after an illustration by S.R. Meyrick from Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick's A Critical Inquiry into Antient Armour, John Dowding, London, 1842.

The Duke of Bretagne and the Duke of Bourbon fighting, jousting tournament of Rene d'Anjou, France, engraving by Lemaitre from France, troiseme partie, L'Univers pittoresque, published by Firmin Didot Freres, Paris, 1845.

Carthage being captured by the Romans, miniature from a Latin manuscript, manuscript Bos q6 folio 20 verso.

Edad Media. Cetratos y Lanceros. Dibujo de Villegas. Lámina número 16 del ALBUM DE LA INFANTERIA ESPAÑOLA del Teniente General Conde de Clonard. Litografía Militar, Madrid, año 1861.

French Illustration showing French Indo-Chinese, (Vietnamese) troops on parade in Hue. 1903

Oda Nobunaga (June 23, 1534 - June 21, 1582) was the initiator of the unification of Japan under the rule of the shogun in the late 16th century, a rule that ended only with the opening of Japan to the Western world in 1868. He was also a major daimyo during the Sengoku period of Japanese history. His work was continued, completed and finalized by his successors Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu. He was the second son of Oda Nobuhide, a deputy shugo (military governor) with land holdings in Owari Province. Nobunaga lived a life of continuous military conquest, eventually conquering a third of Japanese daimyo before his death in 1582. His successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a loyal Oda supporter, would eventually become the first man to conquer all of Japan and the first ruler of all Japan since the Ōnin War.

Joan of Arc marching into battle, engraving, 1491. France, 15th century.

Roman Empire. 1910. Vinkhuijzen, Hendrik Jacobus. still image. Illustrations. General Research Division. Military uniforms , History, Rome

Garde du Prince d'Orange: sous les ordres de Monsieur de Famars, lieutenant, en garnison à Malines vers 1580 1910. Vinkhuijzen, Hendrik Jacobus. still image. Illustrations. General Research Division. Military uniforms , History, Netherlands, Armor, Soldiers , Dutch , Belgium , Mechelen

Militaria, Italy, 18th century. Parade of the Royal Regiment of the Dragoons on horseback, 1706.

Costumed procession of 1841: Knights and soldiers (page VII), 1841 print Three knights in armor on horseback, the front with the weapon of Holland, preceded by a group of foot soldiers. Leaf numbered VII in the series of eighteen plates of the historic costumed procession representing the reception of Count Willem II of Holland in Utrecht in 1249. The parade held by the students of the University of Utrecht on 2 June 1841 on the occasion of the celebration of the Twenty -five -year -old recovery from the university. print maker: Netherlandspublisher: Utrechtpublisher: Leiden paper students' pageant. costumes used in pageants Utrecht

Medieval Infantry Soldiers. Madrid, Military Historical Archives. Author: VILLEGAS. Location: ARCHIVO HISTORICO MILITAR, MADRID, SPAIN.

Ludovico il Moro taken captured by French mercenaries in the Battle of Novara (1513), miniature from a Swiss Chronicle, Italy 1513.

DE SOTTO, Serafn Mara, Earl of Clonard (1793 - 1862). Historia org‡nica de las armas de Infantera y Caballera espa-olas. 1851 - 1859. Archer and knight of Castilla (1496-1512). Engraving. SPAIN. ARAGON. Zaragoza. Academia General Militar (General Military Academy).

Bayeux Tapestry 1067. Battle of Hastings, 14 October 1066. Anglo-Saxon (English) foot soldiers defend themselves with wall of shields against Norman cavalry. Men lie dead and wounded. Invasion Lance Axe Arrow Bow Textile Linen

Italy. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1808-1814. 1910. Vinkhuijzen, Hendrik Jacobus. still image. Illustrations. General Research Division. Military uniforms , History, Italy

Costumed procession of 1841: Knights and soldiers (magazine VII); Coated optimized. Listing the receipt of Willem II Count of Holland Roman King within Utrecht in January 1249 given by HH Students for celebration of the 25th year of the Repair of the Utrechtsche Hoogeschool den 2e Junij 1841.Three Knights in Armor Armor, The Front with the Weapon of Holland , Preceded by a Group of Foot Soldiers. Leaf Numbered VII in the Series of Eighteen Plates of the Historic Costumed Procession Representing The Receipt of Count Willem II from Holland in Utrecht in 1249. The Procession Hero by the Students of the University of Utrecht on 2 June 1841 on the occasion of the celebration of The Celebration of the Twenty-Five-Year Recovery From The College.

At the Battle of Bch Ðng River in 938 the Vietnamese forces, led by Ngô Quyn, defeated the invading forces of the Southern Han state of China and put an end to centuries of Chinese imperial domination in Vietnam. It took place at the Bach Dang River, near Halong Bay in northern Vietnam. This victory ended China's long domination of Vietnam and began a period of Vietnam's independence until the conquest by Ming China. Ngô Quyn's tactic would later be copied by Trn Hung Ðo in a battle at Bch Ðng River against the Mongols in 1288.

The revenge of the Forty-seven Ronin (十七士 Shi-jū-shichi-shi), also known as the Forty-seven Samurai, the Akō vendetta, or the Genroku Akō incident (元禄赤穂事件 Genroku akō jiken) took place in Japan at the start of the 18th century. One noted Japanese scholar described the tale as the country's 'national legend'. It recounts the most famous case involving the samurai code of honor, bushidō. The story tells of a group of samurai who were left leaderless (becoming ronin) after their daimyo (feudal lord) Asano Naganori was forced to commit seppuku (ritual suicide) for assaulting a court official named Kira Yoshinaka, whose title was Kōzuke no suke. The ronin avenged their master's honor after patiently waiting and planning for two years to kill Kira. In turn, the ronin were themselves ordered to commit seppuku for committing the crime of murder. With much embellishment, this true story was popularized in Japanese culture as emblematic of the loyalty, sacrifice, persistence, and honor that all

Mongol raids in Russia 1223 - 1480, Battle of Kulikovo, 8.9.1380, duel of Alexander Peresvet and Chelubei, painting by Viktor Vasnetsov, 1914, Additional-Rights-Clearences-Not Available

SIERVO Y LIBERTOS (EPOCA GOTICA SG V-VII) - GRABADO SIGLO XIX. Author: JOSE RUBIO DE VILLEGAS. Location: ARCHIVO HISTORICO MILITAR. MADRID. SPAIN.

Edad Media. Ballestero y Espingarderos en el año 1493. Dibujo de Villegas. Lámina número 25 del ALBUM DE LA INFANTERIA ESPAÑOLA del Teniente General Conde de Clonard. Litografía Militar, Madrid, año 1861.

Battle of Hattin: Saladin snatches the Holy Cross from the fleeing King Guy of Lusignam

Spanish 19th century woodcut illustration showing exploits of the Spanish Army

Mediaeval battle scene depicts knights in chain-mail and helmets. Their arms include heavy sword for hacking, mace, battle-axe, arrows and a catapult for hurling rocks. Dated 13th Century

The illustration depicts ancient Greek warriors. The illustration dates to 1882.

The Swiss Guard, with musicians. In the margin the caption in Dutch, French and English. Part of a series of 41 plates of the funeral procession of Stadholder William IV in Delft on 4 February 1752. Numbered top right: 5., Funeral of William IV, 1752, plate 5 Swiss Guardes (title on object) Lyk-staetsie van zyne doorluchtigste Hoogheid den Heere Willem IV Carel Hendrik Friso, Prince van Orange en Nassau (...) gehouden den IV Februari 1752 (series title on object), print maker: Jan Punt, (mentioned on object), intermediary draughtsman: Pieter Jan van Cuyck, (mentioned on object), Northern Netherlands, 1752, paper, etching, engraving, h 270 mm × w 560 mm

Iran/Arabia: The Battle of Badr (624 CE), from Rashid Al-Din, 'History of the World', c. 1306-1311 CE

The four sword blows on the Coronation Hill in Ofen, King's Coronation, Hungary, ca. 1885, Historical, digitally restored reproduction from a 19th century original.

Kleidung, Mode, Ritterkostüme im Mittelalter, Kreuzritter zu Pferd, links aus der Zeit Kaiser Heinrichs IV, mit Spangenhelm, rechts aus der Zeit Barba...

Madrid Skylitzes: Battle of Bulgarophygon. Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional de España. Author: John Skylitzes (11th cent.). Location: BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL-COLECCION, MADRID, SPAIN.

Danish soldiers in chain-mail suits of armor.. "The oldest armour of the Danes consisted of a helmet, breastplate and shield. However, immediately after the conquest of Britain, they already had a complete suit of armour, as seen in 69, 70, and 71.". "Their swords (70, 71) were longer and larger than those of the Saxons, and their lances differed little from them (69).". "Strutt thought that the helmets were of steel or iron, two metals that the Danes were accustomed to working." . Handcolored copperplate engraving from Robert von Spalart's "Historical Picture of the Costumes of the Principal People of Antiquity and of the Middle Ages" (1796).

History. Medieval Europe. Normandy. 1000-1100. Norman costumes. Engraving. Later colouration. Author: ALBERT KRETSCHMER.

Russian soldiers of 1760 (19th centruy). Artist: Unknown

The Bc Ninh Campaign (6ñ24 March 1884) was one of a series of clashes between French and Chinese forces in northern Vietnam during the Tonkin campaign (1883ñ86). The campaign, fought during the period of undeclared hostilities that preceded the Sino-French War (August 1884 ñ April 1885), resulted in the French capture of Bc Ninh and the complete defeat of China's Guangxi Army.

Germany. Saxony. Knights 1910. Vinkhuijzen, Hendrik Jacobus. still image. Illustrations. General Research Division. Military uniforms , History, Germany

Maskerade of the students of the Utrecht Hogeschool on the occasion of the second century party of the Hogeschool, representing the parade of the Dutch army after the Battle of Nieuwpoort on July 3, 1600.

Two Roman Soldiers, Ancient Rome, Illustration, The History of Costume, Braun & Schneider, Munich, Germany, 1861-1880

Living Caught Chinese General in the victory of Pyongyang, 1894 print Five Chinese generals go to their knees for the four most important figures around the battle at Pyongyang. From left to right: Colonel Satô, Major General Tatsumi, Lieutenant General Nozu and General ôshima. On September 16, 1894, the Chinese at Pyongyang surrendered to the Japanese army, during the first Chinese-Japanese War (1894-1895). paper color woodcut / polishing (military) camp with tents. kneeling on both knees. surrender ~ war Pyongyang

The figures shown here represent Germans around A.D. 1100. They are from left to right: five warriors and two princesses.

A Sergeant at Arms to the king arrests a militia looter, 1290-1330 (1882-1884). Artist: Unknown

Three Horsemen in Armor from the Time of Emperor Sigismund. Unknown

Lancelot hits the bottom of an iron basin at the foot of a tree on which hung the shields of many brother knights.

BATTLE OF HASTINGS Harold's brothers Lewine and Gyrd are both killed Date: 14 October 1066

The last attack of the Kusunoki in Shijonawate, 1847 print Warrior of the Kusunoki Clan, with dead opponent and raised sword, during a arrow attack from the Ashikaga troops in ShijonaWate. First leaf of horses. paper nishiki-e / color woodcut battle

The visit of the German Kaiser Wilhelm II and his wife Augusta Viktoria to Constantinople. Pictured here with Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1842 - 1918). The Sultan oversaw a period of decline in the power and extent of the Empire, ruling from 31 August 1876 until he was deposed on 27 April 1909. Abdul Hamid II was the last Ottoman Sultan to rule with absolute power 1898

Combat between crusaders and Saracens. Engraving. (Later colouration). Iconographic Enclyclopaedia of science, Literature and Art. 19th century. Author: HENRY WINKLES. Johan George Heck.

Knight & Horse 1910. Vinkhuijzen, Hendrik Jacobus. still image. Illustrations. General Research Division. Military uniforms , History, Netherlands, Military uniforms , Netherlands

German Peasants' War, 1524-1526, nobleman drives feudal farmers with a whip while ploughing, Germany, Historic, digitally restored reproduction of an ...

Roman Civilization. Fighting Carthaginian and Roman horsemen. Second Punic War, 218-201 BC. Colour illustration

Sixth part of the parade. Part of a series of seven plates plus title print and explanation of the costumed parade organized by the students of the Utrecht College to celebrate the 48th anniversary on June 27, 1876. The procession represents the entry of Charles the Bold into Zutphen on August 4, 1473, Utrecht masquerade of 1876 (sixth plate) XLVIII. Lustrum der Utrechtsche Hoogeschool. Entry of Duke Charles the Bold into Zutphen, August IV, MCCCCLXXIII. Costumed parade of gentlemen students, held in Utrecht on June 27, 1876 , intermediary draughtsman: Josef Hoevenaar, (mentioned on object), print maker: anonymous, printer: Tresling & Comp., intermediary draughtsman: Netherlands, print maker: Netherlands, printer: Amsterdam, publisher: Utrecht, publisher: Utrecht, 1876, paper, h 300 mm × w 780 mm

Timur attacking the Knights of St John at Smyrna, 1402 (1467). Artist: Bihzad

Artillery, a spray from color lithography in the album: "Polish Army. A collection of all species of the Polish Army in 1831"; Czachórski, Władysław (1850-1911), Simon, Karol Antoni (Poznań; Litographic Plant; 1819-1841), Mielcarzewicz, Teofil (1807-1879); after 1870 (1871-00-00-1877-00-00);

Oda Nobunaga (June 23, 1534 - June 21, 1582) was the initiator of the unification of Japan under the rule of the shogun in the late 16th century, a rule that ended only with the opening of Japan to the Western world in 1868. He was also a major daimyo during the Sengoku period of Japanese history. His work was continued, completed and finalized by his successors Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu. He was the second son of Oda Nobuhide, a deputy shugo (military governor) with land holdings in Owari Province. Nobunaga lived a life of continuous military conquest, eventually conquering a third of Japanese daimyo before his death in 1582. His successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a loyal Oda supporter, would eventually become the first man to conquer all of Japan and the first ruler of all Japan since the Ōnin War.

The exercise with shield and skewer: five soldiers standing side by side in the figure with the skewer in the right resting on the ground and the shield for the breast (no. 31), 1618. The exercise with shield and skewer: five soldiers standing next to Resting each other in the court in the right hand on the ground and shield for breast, 1618. Part of the illustrations in: Adam van Breen, Nassauage Waffenhandelung, 1618, Poster No. 31. Marriens around 1600.

Fashion, clothing in Italy, Rome, armies and fencing of the imperial period, from left, a hornblower, a net fencer, a gladiator, a fecjter with Thracian armament and a referee, a lanista, at the gladiatorial games, digitally restored reproduction of a 19th century original, exact original date unknown

The Army and Navy Attack and Capture Weihaiwei (Ikaiei rikukaigun kogeki senryo zu) 1895 Japan. Color woodblock print; oban triptych . Kobayashi Ikuhide

Sioux warriors in battle, c1890. Artist: Unknown

The reputation of Sato Masakiyo; Sato Masakiyo Komei No Zu. Sato Masakiyo Alias Kato Kiyomasa, on horseback, battle with Korean opponents; The tiger sheet under his saddle refers to his tiger yachts in Korea; Top right, severed heads on a bamboo stick.

Ottonian dynasty period. 10th-11th centuries. Germany. Cavalryman. Engraving of Germania, 1882.

Bertrand du Guesclin or Gueselin (c1320-1380) 'Eagle of Brittany', French military commander. Guesclin defeating Captal de Buch, 16 May 1364. French military commander during the Hundred Years' War. Trade Card

Recortable del Ejército Español. Caballería. Mosqueteros de la Guardia de Felipe V. Editado en Barcelona por Paluzie, años 1880.

Parade in honour of the fallen after the victory of Mukden with Japanese soldiers dressed as Samurai, China, Russo-Japanese War, drawing by Georges Scott from L'Illustration, No 3252, June 24, 1905.

Simeon the Great conquers Adrianople in 914, Simeon I. also Simeon the Great, 864 -27 May 927, was Knjaz from 893 to 913 and Tsar of the Bulgarian Empire from 913 to 927, Historic, digitally restored reproduction of an original from the period, exact original date not known

Bayeux Taestry 1067: Horses being unloaded from Norman boats at Pevensey, south coast of England, 28 September 1066. Battle of Hastings between William of Normandy and Harold of England, 14 October 1066. Invasion Textile Linen

During the period of Arab expansion into North Africa, cavalry was often mounted on small, agile horses called 'Berbers', or 'Barbs'. Known for speed, endurance and courage in war, the Barb was an important component of the Arab forces.

German knights & lady Date: 1371 - 1393

Bayeux Tapestry 1067. Battle of Hastings, 14 October 1066. Norman cavalry charging. William I, the Conqueror, defeated Harold II, last Anglo-Saxon king of England. Warfare Armour Shield Spear Horse Archer Textile Linen

Knight running with a naginata and a young man with a raised sword over the knight unknown

Armour, helmets and weapons Date: 1350 to 1460

Reinado de Carlos II (1665 a 1700). Piquero y Mosquetero de la Guardia Real en el año 1690. Dibujo de Villegas. Lámina número 33 del ALBUM DE LA INFANTERIA ESPAÑOLA del Teniente General Conde de Clonard. Litografía Militar, Madrid, año 1861.

The capture of Joan of Arc , Saints, Confiscations, Joan, of Arc, Saint, 1412-1431

Heavy battles in Pyongyang show the Japanese fighting spirit abroad.; Heijo Daigeis Kiwakon Kaigai. Mountain landscape with battle between Japanese, in black and blue, and the Chinese, in green; During a rain shower.

Anglo Saxon military. First officer in the royal guard with lance and shield 41, cavalier or mounted soldier with lance 42 and an infantry man or foot soldier in Phrygian cap with lance and shield raised aggressively 43. Handcolored copperplate engraving from Robert von Spalart's Historical Picture of the Costumes of the Principal People of Antiquity and Middle Ages, Vienna, 1796.

A painting of a trade ship heading from Nagasaki to Vietnam, from the Gaiban Shokan. This book was prepared as a reference work for 'Gaiban Tsusho', the compilation of diplomatic documents of the Tokugawa shogunate, prepared by Kondo Seisai (1771 - 1829), who served as the magistrate of Nagasaki and the magistrate of books and records. It contains copies of diplomatic papers, including 33 certificates impressed with the shogun's vermillion seal for officially authorized trips to Annam (Vietnam), the Netherlands, and Luzon (in the Philippines). It was completed in the first year of Bunsei (1818), and the two sets of two-volumes were presented to the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1819. Shuinsen, or 'Red Seal ships', were Japanese armed merchant sailing ships bound for Southeast Asian ports with a red-sealed patent issued by the early Tokugawa shogunate in the first half of the 17th century. Between 1600 and 1635, more than 350 Japanese ships went overseas under this permit system. Japanese merch

Clothing, fashion, knight's costumes in the Middle Ages, from left, knight in iron helmet over leather cap and scale armour in the Carolingian period 800, knight in clasp helmet with nose guard and chain mail round shield and battle axe, knight in large helmet, ring armour and armour of arms, knight in pelvic bonnet with nose guard, armour of arms over armour of arms, large shield and horn, digitally improved reproduction of an illustration from the 19th century

'Battle', from the series '47 Faithful Samurai', 1850-1880. Artist: Utagawa Yoshitora

Greek soldiers

Philip II, King of France is unhorsed at the Battle of Bouvines while Hugh de Boves flees the field. Black and White Illustration.

Battle at Kumamato Castle, Kagoshima War Japanese Art Woodblock print Culver Pictures Inc.

Iskandar fights with the inhabitants of Zangbâr (Zanzibar)., 1616 - 1620 (Inferred), Istanbul, Turkish, 24.2 x 18.4 cm

Delft procession of 1873 (seventh plate), 1873 print Seventh album with the numbers 95-103, the names of the students in pencil underneath. Part of the series of ten consecutive plates of the historic costumed procession by the students of the Polytechnische Hogeschool van Delft on July 8, 1873. The parade depicts the entry of Karel van Egmond in Arnhem in 1492. print maker: Netherlandsprinter: Amsterdampublisher: Delft paper students' pageant. costumes used in pageants Delft

BATTLE OF HASTINGS The Norman horsemen charge the English infantry Date: 14 October 1066

Qing Imperial court portraits of senior Manchu military officers, known as Bannermen, mid-18th century. From the time China was brought under the rule of the Qing dynasty (1644 - 1683), the banner soldiers became more professional and bureaucratised. Once the Manchus took over governing, they could no longer satisfy the material needs of soldiers by garnishing and distributing booty; instead, a salary system was instituted, ranks standardised, and the Bannermen became a sort of hereditary military caste, though with a strong ethnic inflection. Banner soldiers took up permanent positions, either as defenders of the capital, Beijing, where roughly half of them lived with their families, or in the provinces, where 18 garrisons were established. The largest banner garrisons throughout most of the Qing dynasty were at Beijing, followed by Xi'an and Hangzhou. Sizable banner populations were also placed in Manchuria and at strategic points along the Great Wall, the Yangtze River and Grand Can

Spanish Warriors, Costume & Decorations of the Middle Ages

Image series Conquest of Mexico, The Battle of Otompan on 5 July 1520, Liebig painting, digitally restored reproduction of an original from the 19th century

Cod. 11093, fol. 3v: Book on Swordsmanship and Wrestling Full page: fencing scene; pen and brush drawing, Southwestern Germany, mid-15th c.

Men in helmets, hauberk, tunic with shield with coat of arms and sword, and civil costume of hooded robe and surcoat, 12th century. Costumes civils et militaires du XIIe siecle (Gaigneres et manuscrit du XIIe siecle). Handcoloured lithograph by Villain after an illustration by Horace de Viel-Castel from his Collection des costumes, armes et meubles pour servir à l'histoire de la France (Collection of costumes, weapons and furniture to be used in the history of France), Treuttel & Wurtz, Bossange, 1829.

Gallic Wars. 58-50 BC. Roman soldiers and equipment. Caesaar in Gaul, 1917. Engraving. Color.

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